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FEBRUARY 1987 

USA $4.00 

CANADA $4.50 

UK £2,50 

A CWC/I PUBLICATION 



ALSO INSIDE: 



The Art of Programming 



the # 1 magazine for Tandy users 



VV Clil I: u m&s 

VLicUdit OLLtltLlk' 







ite* 



BETTER PROGRAM 
We Review a Trio 
of MS-DOS Debuggers 

DAVE'S MS-DOS COLUMN: 
Dave Looks at Two 
Megamemory Boards 

PUBLIC WORKS: 

PD Software 

For the C 1 

Programmer 



Feedback Loop 



The Next Step 



New Products 



a^B in *' -to. 

E - Day ; Cesser', J*9iit ?a 

r a. r re ate iri ee Pi*g th , 




be 



ast ; 



74470"65947 




02 






"Frankly, 

online computing 

costs were 

real ugly., 



if 



"With GEnie 

I found 

friends 

online, for less/ 1 




- 


■ i]*|Tl 


% 


i llffii &S 


f 


<$>< 


m 





$10.00+ per hour 

Most online information networks can 
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Evenings, weekends, holidays. 
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$5 per hour 

Only S18 to register! Save up to 60%! 

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Travel & 

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SICs/User 
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Financial 
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News 


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San prime time rates 


300 Ixnul 


1200 haul 


The Source 


X 


X 


X 


X 


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$49.95 


SI ().()(» 


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CompuServe 


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Bask ram .iiul ..-M to • i/x.iiii in c/Jctl I //W. fXan-fmmr lime a/i/ilm tfim -in . fifm-Ham litul lime, nil iUiv Sal . \un . nml mil I hnlulayf Suhjetl In 
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With GEnie's Tandyt RoundTable™ 
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UPLOADS ARE FREE on GEnie! 
There's more! 

Meet friends old and new with GEnie's 
LiveWire™ CB Simulator or exchange 
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Get a happy ending going with GEnie. 
Sign up today! 

Sign up from your keyboard today. 
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2 . Set vour modem for local echo 
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3 . Dial 1 -800-638- 8369. When 
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4 . At the U# = prompt enter 
XJM11898,GEnie then RETURN. 

Need help or more information? No modem 
yet? We can help. In U.S. or Canada call 
1-800-638-9636. 

t Tandy is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation. 



• TM 



GEnie 

Stay online longer, for less. 



INFORMATION 
SERVICES 



General Electric Information Services Company. USA 

GEnie raies and service subject 10 change. Uploads are free (taring non- 
prime hourt X 300 Of 1200 baud Some services offered on GEnie may 
include additional charges. FRANKENSTEIN '" © 19 jl. renewed 1959 
Universal Pictures Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Licensed by 
Merchandising Corporation of America, Inc. 




J Instant Spelling Checher 
and Thesaurus 



CHECKS YOUR SPELLING 
AS YOU TYPE... and much more! 



ONLY 



The Choice Is Clear ! 



Whoops Lightning 


Full 


Partial 
Dictionary 


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No 


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300 


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Spelling Checker 

Instant Proofing 

Screen Proofing 
Disk File Proofing 
Word Count 
Add. Word Limit 
Correction Feature 
Displays Dictionary 
Displ. Hyphenation 
Safe Exit 

One Step Installation 
Copy Protected 

Thesaurus 

No. Lookup words 
Min. Disk Space 

Price 

Circle 245 on Reader Service card. 

Wordstar 9 MicroPro, DeskMaie® Tandy. Pf-S Write <S> Software Publishing Corp . PC-Write < M Quuksofi. 

IBM PC ® IBM. Whoops if Cornw opia 



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$ 49 95 



Makes proofing easy. 
In addition to an on-line thesaurus. Whoops 
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Whoops can work from within your word 
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Whoops makes your work a pleasure. 



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If you aren't completely satisfied with 
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More Low Prices 

Lescript ( MS/DOS ) $199.95 1 39.99 

Lescript (TRS-DOS) $129.9$ 83.99 

Whoops (MS/DOS) $ 69.95 49.95 



^Introductory Price. 

Prices good thru 2lH7. Add $5 S&H. 

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• INTEGRATES into 1 1 dtl'fcwj«:#j^:::: 
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• DISPLAYS CORRECTSPEUJNCS: 

Ifyou don't know the correct exiling, 
EW will look it up Jcttyoi&and display 
the dictionary 

• VERIFIES CORRECTIONS 

think you know the correct spelling of 
a word, EW will check it for you before 
making the enrreciwwl;;::: 

• HYPHENATES AUTOMATICALLY; 

(Optional). Inserts discretionary hy- 
phens throughout text. 

• GRAMMAR* STYLBCHECKER: 

(Optional). Identifies 2£ m 
raon errors. Makes .<Aiggeste4&>& 
rections with the stroke nf a key 
Runs within EW. 

• 50,000 WORD DICTIONARY: Uses 
only 2Vfe bytes per word; add as many 
words as you wish. 

• PAST CORRECTING; In as little as 

30 seconds, Electric Webster can return 
you to your Word Processing program, 
with your text fully a>rrected and on 
your screen. 




ifcbstcr . a pelling and 

grammar checker'" .v 




•A^J&EWED: 
"Electric Webster is the best. Just read 
Any review in any magazine and 1 don't 
tfch&ve. ihak you Will find even one djs^ 
flWrit to that statement.'' CINTUG, 
tiffiftiii&i's Group Mag., 4183 




w there *s a program called Electric 
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Computer £/*»•< VS4 

"The raoeA fcej^rprogram Fye found is 
Electric Webster. After looking at nine 
proofreading: program^ I've settled on 
Webster "Creative Computing, 11183 



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VOTED # J: For the second straight year. 
Electric Webster was voted the #1 spel- 
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Choice Awards. (X/B3, 1/84) 



W®C&*t &WM Electric- Webster 
mm^riicun^ Hvph_ G.&S. $ 1 29,95 
t«MO f.H any ,>f Above SSiflG 

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Circle «S on Raadw Saryico card. 

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(415) 524-8093 

Box 6111, Albany, CA 94706 

This dictionary not published by the original pobli«her» of 
Webster"! Dictionary or their successor*. 



Circle 204 on Reader Service card. 




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DoePlus 4A with M ZAL 129.95 

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Mullidos Version 2 Mod l/lll Specify . 79.99 
Multldos 80/64 Ver 2 Mod 4 89.95 




SCHOOL UTILITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
Power Reading (Speed Reading) 64.50 
AddtJ courseware disk for above . 16.50 

Test Question Data Bank HI/MS 49.95 

Test Generator/Drill III 34.95 

Football Scouting III 49.95 



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Basketball Statistics 

Baseball Statistics III 

Student Schedule Data Base III ... 

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HBJ Computer SAT Mod lll/MSDOS 
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so you can add one line of comments 
to each file in the library. While SU- 
PERDIRECTORY runs on the Model I 
or III (4/4P/4D in the MOD III mode), it 
will read and Index Model 4 diskettes 
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are going to run it on the Model 4P as 
an additional file is needed. Retail 
$49 .95 SAVE 20% NOW $39.95 



MOD 4 BY JACK 

A complete re-write of the Mod 4 
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UTILITIES 

Fast/CMD run TRSDOS 1.3 in 4 & 4mhz 

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J&M Memory Minder Mod I 84.95 

J&M Memory Minder Mod 111/4 .... 74.95 

The Toolbox for LDOS l/lll 44.95 

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ALCOR C Complete System 64.95 

ALCOR Multi-Basic Compiler 64.95 

ALCOR Pascal 64.95 

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AOS Utils (Varkeep & Screenpacker) 49.95 

PascaMO l/lll 59.95 

AS Public Domain Disks 9.95 

Zuess Editor/Assembler I/III/4 74.95 

System Diagnostic l/HI/4 Specify ... 69.95 

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PowerDot II Mod l/lll Spec. Pmtr . . . 39.95 
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Super Utility Tech Manual 13.95 

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IBM PC for Kids 8 to 80 10.95 

Annotated Basic Vol I or II 3.00 

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APPLICATIONS 

Infoscan l/lll 39.95 

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ST-SO III Terminal/Host l/lll 69.95 

SuperDirectory l/lll specify 39.95 

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Ultraterm 2.0 w/auto log-on 59.95 

Modem 80 l/lll 39.95 

Modem 80 Mod 4 79.95 



The Programmer's Guide 

To LD0S/TRSD0S6 

Five star rated by 80 MICRO, The 

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Retail 24.95 Sale 19.95 



WORD PROCESSORS AND 
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LeScript MSDOS 1000/1200. etc. 169.95 
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SPS Statistical Analysis (Call) ..... 150.00 

The Home Accountant 69.95 

Lynn's Payroll System III or 4 49.95 

Lynn's Accounts Receivable Mod III 29.95 
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TRSDOS-MSDOS 
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TRSCROSS only 89.95 

This program is a must for converting TRS- 
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MSDOS 

SOFTWARE 

LeScript 179.95 

Microsoft Word 299.95 

PFS Write 99.95 

Typing Tutor III (Simon & Schuster) 34.95 

Volkswrlter Delux 149 95 

Websters New World Spelling Checker 

54 95 

Websters New World Thesaurus 59.95 

Word Perfect 4.1 299.95 

Multiplan 149.95 

SuperCalc 3 299.95 

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PFS Report 89.95 

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Copy II PC 29.95 

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Microsoft Quick Basic Comp 79.95 

Microsoft C Compiler 349.95 

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Certificate Maker 49.95 

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Draw (Windows version by Micrografx) 

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Right Simulator 39.95 

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IJLMlg} OPEN M0N.-FRI. 10-7 CST 

Send Cash, Check or Money Order. Please add $3.00 for UPS Shipping 

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[?f FULLY MENU DRIVEN 

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ELECTRIC SOFTWARE CORPORATION 



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MINIMUM HARDWARK REQUIREMENTS: 
IBM PC/XT/AT or compatibles and Tandy 1000, I28K memory, 
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MS DOS is a trademark of MicroSofl Corp. IBM and PC DOS 2.0 are 
registered Irademaris of Inlemalional Business Machine Corp. Tandy is 
a registered irademari of The Tandy Corp. 



Circle 46 on Reader Service card. 



Do you have a new Tandy MS-DOS 

computer or PC compatible? And do you 

have a LOT of data (word processing, 

spreadsheet, etc.) from your TRS-80™ 

that you'd like to keep using with MS-DOS, 

without having to re-type? How about 

BASIC programs you've written that you'd 

like to keep using? Or DeskMate™ files? 

Pssst. Over here. We can help you. 
TRSCROSS™ is what you need. 

TRSCROSS™ runs on your PC or compatible, yet directly 

reads your double-density TRS-80™ diskettes, so that 

you may simply copy them over to MS-DOS. Converts while 

copying. Eveything is done in ONE STEP! Easy and fast. 



* * * * 



See the FOUR STAR review this issue! 

Also see our FULL PAGE AD in this issue for more 
details. If you have any questions, please write or call. 

We have hundreds of letters/comments complimenting us on the ease of use 
in transferring files with TRSCROSS. Save yourself LOTS of time and trouble! 



SUPER UTILITY/PC™ is another of our products that you might like to 
have for your MS-DOS computer. It allows you to restore deleted files, modify 
files or sectors, search for data, change file/directory/volume names and 
attributes, and more. This powerful utility is not protected, and runs from 
floppy or hard disk. Supports most PC's and compatibles, including TANDY 
2000. Normally SUPER UTILITY/PC™ sells for $89.95, but If you buy it at 
the same time as TRSCROSS™, you get It for only $49.95! 

Other MS-DOS software we endorse and sell: 

Microsoft Word $325, WordPerfect $369, MultiMate $369, Electric Pencil $50, 
Lotus 1-2-3 $369, Symphony $519, Framework II $519, Multiplan $139, 
R:BASE System V $519, dBASE III + $519, Reflex $99, PFS:Prof. File $179, 
Turbo Pascal $69, Microsoft C $329, QuickBASIC $69, MS-Windows $69, 
COPY II PC $29, Fastback $139, SideKick (NCP) $59, SuperKey $49, 
Crosstalk XVI $139, Smartcom II $99, Managing Your Money $139. 

Prices subject to change. Call for latest info. Support is by the manufacturer 
only. Some programs require more than 128KB and more than one drive. Most 
programs require DOS 2.0 or later, and many products do not support the TANDY 2000. 
Opened packages cannot be returned. Most orders shipped within 24 working 
hours. Tex. residents must add sales tax. Orders must be prepaid. Visa/MC is ok. 

Save 25% on most items! FREE UPS ground shipping on 
orders over $100! (Otherwise add $5 ground / $10 air.) 



f 



PowerSoft Products 

17060 Dallas Parkway, Suite 114 
Dallas, TX 75248 • (214) 733-4475 



PUBLISHER 
Peter Hutchinson 

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 
Eric Maloney 

EXECUTIVE EDITOR 
Michael E. Nadeau 

MANAGING EDITOR 

Marilyn G. McMaster 

REVIEW EDITOR 

Jeffrey Frentzen 

COPY EDITORS 

David E. Essex 

Anne Freed 

TECHNICAL WRITERS 

Dave Rowell 

Ryan Davls-Wrlght 

TECHNICAL EDITORS 

Mare-Anne Jar vela 

Beverly Woodbury 

LOAD 80 TECHNICAL EDITOR 

Keith Johnson 

EDITORIAL ADMINISTRATION 

Whitney Karr 

ASSOCIATE EDITORS 

Hardin Brothers 

David Engelhardt 

John B. Han-ell III 

Terry Kepner 
Thomas L. Qulndry 



ADVERTISING SALES 

DIRECTOR OF SALES 
William J. Smith 

ACCOUNT MANAGERS 

Gary Cloccl 

Michael Wozmak 

1-800-441-4403 

WEST COAST OFFICE 

1060 Marsh Road 

Menlo Park. CA 94025 

415-328-3470 

SALES MANAGER 

Peter KJ Montross 

ADVERTISING COORDINATOR 
Judy Walker 

ADVERTISING SECRETARY 
Georglanna Forest 

BUSINESS MANAGER 
Bradford N. Dixon 

MARKETING/PROMOTION DIRECTOR 
Jane Butterfleld 




Article submissions Irom our readers are welcomed and en- 
couraged. Inquires should be addressed to: Submissions Ed- 
itor. 80 Elm Street, Peterborough. NH 03458. Include an 
SASE tor a copy ol "How to Write for 80 Micro." Payment lor 
accepted articles is made at a rate of approximately $50 per 
printed page; all rights are purchased. 
•TRS-80. Scripsit, and TRSDOS are trademarks of Radio 
Shack, a division of Tandy Corp. 



80 Micro (ISSN-0744-7868) is published monthly by CW Com- 
munications/Peterborough Inc.. 80 Elm St., Peterborough, 
NH, 03458. Phone: 603-924-9471. Second class postage paid 
at Peterborough, NH, and additional mailing offices. (Cana- 
dian second class mail registration number 9563.) Subscrip- 
tion rates in U.S. are S24.97 for one year, $38 for two years, 
and $53 for three years. In Canada and Mexico $27.97— one 
year only, U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank. Nationally dis- 
tributed by International Circulation Distributors. Foreign 
subscriptions (surface mail), $44.97— one year only, U.S. 
funds drawn on a U.S. bank. Foreign subscriptions (air mail) 
please inquire. In South Africa contact 80 Micro P.O. Box 
782815, Sandton, South Alrica 2146. All subscription corre- 
spondence should be addressed to 80 Micro, Subscription 
Department, P.O. Box 981, Farmingdale, NY 11737. Please in- 
clude your address label with any correspondence. Post- 
master Send address changes to 80 Micro, Subscription 
Services, P.O. Box 981, Farmingdale, NY 11737. Send Cana- 
dian changes ol address to 80 Micro. P.O. Box 1051, Fort 
Erie, Ontario L2A 5N8. Canada. Return postage guaranteed. 



Entire contents ©copyright 1987 by CW Communications/ 
Peterborough Inc. No part ol this publication may be re- 
printed, or reproduced by any means, without prior written 
permission Irom the publisher. All programs are published 
lor personal use only. All rights reserved. 



4 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



February 1987 




micro 




Features 



27. Debugging the MS-DOS Way by Hardin Brothers 

Three debugging tools that leave MS-DOS Debug in the dust. 

42. That Thinking Feeling by Bruce Tonkin 

80 Micro's thought outliner simplifies the task of organiz- 
ing ideas. (Tandy 1000; Model 4 version on Load 80) 

48. Taking Measure by Donald W. Moffat 

Take the guess work out of buying materials for home- 
improvement projects. (Model III or 4 and Tandy 1000; 
Load 80) 

60. Changing of the Guard by Debbie Cooper 

Choose read only, hidden, or normal status for MS-DOS 
files. (Model 1000) 

62. Switching Station by David Goben 

At last, bank switching for the Model 4 in Model III mode. 
(Load 80) 

66. Inner Vision by Christy Gemmell 

Get an insider's view of the Model 4's video memory. 
(Load 80) 

70. Megamemory Madness by Dave Rowell 

Pushing the 640K limit? Here are two megaboards that 
give you memory to spare. 

78. Programs in the Key of C by Ryan Davis-Wright 

Public-domain programs offer a low-cost way to learn 
about C. 



Departments 


6. 


Load 80 


70. 


Dave's MS-DOS Column 


8. 


Side Tracks 




by Dave Rowell 




by Eric Maloney 


74. 


The Art 


10. 


Input 




Of Programming 






by Bruce Tonkin 


12. 


Feedback Loop 


78. 


Public Works 


19. 


Pulse Train 




by Ryan Davis-Wright 




by Ryan Davis-Wright 


82. 


Tidbit #41 


25. 


Reader Forum 


86. 


The Next Step 


27. 


Reviews 




by Hardin Brothers 




edited by 
Jeffrey Frentzen 


95. 


Debug 




Advanced Trace86 


96. 


How to Read 80 Micro 




Periscope 


99. 


Express Checkouts 




X-View 86 




Ztimel 




8 MHz Super Speed Up 




Flight Simulator Scenery 




5 1 2K or 1 MB Memory 




Disks 




Board 




Star Scenery Disks 




The Personal Choice 




Memcheck 




Collection 




Opt-Tech Sort 




Mach2 

Clickart Personal Publisher 


126. 


New Products 




TRSCROSS 


140. 


Fine Lines 



page 48 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 5 




Load 80 gathers together selected pro- 
grams from this issue of 80 Micro 
and puts them on a magnetic medium for 
your convenience. It is available on disk 
and runs on the Models I, III, and 4. 

Load 80 programs are ready to run, 
and can save you hours of time typing in 
and debugging listings. Load 80 also 
gives you access to assembly-language 
programs if you don't have an editor/as- 
sembler. And, it helps you build a sub- 
stantial software library. 

Using Load 80 is simple. If you own a 
Model I or HI disk system, you boot the 



Load 80 disk and transfer the files to a 
TRSDOS system disk according to sim- 
ple on-screen directions. If you own a 
Model 4, copy the Model 4 programs 
from the Load 80 disk to your TRSDOS 
6.x disk using the COPY command. 

Not all programs will run on your sys- 
tem. Some Model III programs, for in- 
stance, will run on the Model 4 in the 
Model III mode, but not in the Model 4 
mode. You should check the system re- 
quirements box that accompanies the 
article to find out what system configu- 
ration individual programs require. 

If you have any questions about the 
programs, call Keith Johnson at 603- 
924-9471. Yearly disk subscriptions to 
Load 80 are $199.97. Individual loaders 
are available on disk for $21.47, includ- 
ing postage. To place a subscription order, 
or to ask questions about your subscrip- 
tion, please call us toll free at 1-800-343- 
0728 between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. Or. you 
can write to Load 80, 80 Elm St., Peterbor- 
ough. NH 03458. 



Directory 



Outlining Thoughts 

Article: That Thinking Feeling 

(p. 42). 

System: Model 4. 64K RAM. 

Outline your thoughts, just like 
your English teacher advised. 
Language: Basic. 
Filespec: OUTLINE4/BAS. 

Calculating 
Material Needs 

Article: Taking Measure (p. 48). 
System: Model 4. Model III with 
changes. 48K RAM. 

Cut through tricky arithmetic 
and easily calculate the mate- 
rial requirements for your do-it- 
yourself home improvements. 
Language: Basic. 
Filespec: AREA4/BAS. 

Gain Memory 

Article: Switching Station (p. 62). 
System: Model 4. 128K RAM 
(Series 1 Editor/Assembler is 
optional). 

Bank-switching can gain you 
memory in Model III mode. 
Language: Assembly. 
Filespecs: SELBNK/SRC. 
SELBNK/CMD. 

Video Memory 

Article: Inner Vision (p. 66). 

System: Model 4, 64K RAM. 



Open the inner workings of 
your computer for observation. 
Language: Basic. 
Filespec: DYNARAM/BAS. 

Disk Management 

Article: The Next Step (p. 86). 
System: Model 4, 4P, 4D. 64K 
RAM (Pro-Create 4.3a editor/as- 
sembler is optional). 

Learn more about what is on 
your disk and where it is. 
Language: Assembly. 
Filespecs: FILEMAP/ASM. FILE- 
MAP/CMD, MACLIB/ASM. 

Checksum 

Article: How to Read 80 Micro 
(p. 96) 

System: Models I. Ill, and 4; 
32K RAM. 

Use our checksum program to 
check the accuracy of the Basic 
listing you type in. 
Language: Basic. 
Filespec: CHECKSUM/BAS. 

Loc-Editor 

Article: How to Read 80 Micro 

(p. 96). 

System: Models I and III; 32K 

RAM. 

A program that finds errors 
for you. 

Language: Basic. 
Filespec: LOCEDITR/BAS. 



BAS = Basic ASM.SRC = source code CMD = object code 



ART DIRECTOR 

Anne Fleming 

PRODUCTION MANAGER 

Lynn Lagasse 

AD/GRAPHICS PRODUCTION 

Laurie MacMillan 



DIRECTOR OF CORPORATE PRODUCTION 
Dennis Christensen 

MANUFACTURING MANAGER 

Susan Gross 

TYPESETTING MANAGER 

Linda P. Canale 

PRESIDENT 

James S. Povec 

VICE PRESIDENT/FINANCE 

Roger Murphy 

DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS 

Matt Smith 

DIRECTOR OF CREDIT SALES 

AND COLLECTION 

William M. Boyer 

EXECUTIVE CREATIVE DIRECTOR 

Christine Destrempes 

CIRCULATION DIRECTOR 

Frank Smith 

DIRECT MARKETING MANAGER 

Bonnie Welsh 

SINGLE COPY SALES MANAGER 

Linda Ruth 

1-800-343-0728 

AUDITS AND STATISTICS MANAGER 
Susan Hanshaw 



SPECIAL PRODUCTS DIRECTOR 
Jeff DeTray 

SPECIAL PRODUCTS MANAGER 
Craig Pierce 

FOUNDER 
Wayne Green 

Cover photograph by Edward Jndice 
Backdrop by Wendy O'Connell 



80 Micro Is a member of CW Communlcatlons/lnc. group, 
the world's largest publisher ol computer-related Informa- 
tion. The group publishes over 70 computer publications In 
more than 28 major countries. Twelve million people read 
one or more of the group's publications each month. Mem- 
bers of CWCI group contribute to the CW International News 
Service, offering the latest domestic and International com- 
puter news. Members of the group Include: ARGENTINA'S 
Computerworld Argentina, PC Mundo; ASIA'S Asian Compu- 
terworld, Communications World; AUSTRALIA'S Computer- 
world Australia, Communications World, Australian PC 
World, Australian Macworld; AUSTRIA'S Computerwelt Oes- 
terrelch; BRAZIL'S DataNews, PC Mundo; CHILE'S Inlorma- 
tlca, Computaclon Personal; DENMARK'S Computerworld 
Denmark, PC World Denmark, RUN; FINLAND'S Tletovllkko, 
Mlkro; FRANCE'S Le Monde Inlormatlque, Dlstrlbutlque, 
Golden. InloPC, Theoreme; GREECE'S Micro & Computer 
Age; HUNGARY'S SZT Computerworld, Mlkrovllag; INDIA'S 
Dataquest, ISRAEL'S People & Computers Monthly, People 
& Computers Weekly, ITALY'S Computerworld Italia, PC 
World Magazine; JAPAN'S Computerworld Japan; MEXICO'S 
Computerworld Mexico; THE NETHERLANDS' Computer- 
world Netherlands, PC World Netherlands; NEW ZEALAND'S 
Computerworld New Zealand; NORWAY'S PC Mlkrodata, 
Computerworld Norge; PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S 
China Computerworld; SAUDI ARABIA'S Arabian Computer 
News; SOUTH KOREA'S The Electronic Times; SPAIN'S 
Computerworld Espana, Commodore World, PC World Es- 
pane; SWEDEN'S Computer Sweden, Mlkrodatorn, Svenske 
PC World; SWITZERLAND'S Computerworld Schwelr, 
UNITED KINGDOM'S Computer News, DEC Today, ICL To- 
day, PC Business World; UNITED STATES' Amiga World, 
Boston Computer News, Computerworld, Digital News, 80 
Micro, FOCUS Publications, Inclder, InloWorld, Macworld, 
Micro Marketworld, Network World, PC World, Publish', 
RUN; VENEZUELA'S Computerworld Venezuela; WEST GER- 
MANY'S Computerwoche, PC Welt, Computer Business, 
RUN, Into Well. 

Problems with Subscriptions: Send a description of the 
problem and your current and/or most recent address to: 80 
Micro, Subscription Department, P.O. Box 981, Farmlngdale, 
NY 11737. 

Problems with Load 80 Circulation: Address correspondence 
to Load 80, 80 Elm St., Peterborough. NH 03458. 
Problems with Advertisers: Send a description of the prob- 
lem and your current address to: 80 Micro, Rl. 101 & Elm 
Street, Peterborough, NH 03458. If urgent, call 1-800-441- 
4403. 

Change ol Address: Send old label or copy of old address 
and new address to: 80 Micro, P.O. Box 981, Farmlngdale, NY 
11373. Please give eight weeks advance notice. 
Microfilm: This publication Is available In microform from 
University Microfilms International. United States address: 
300 North Zeeb Road, Dept. PR., Ann Arbor, Ml 48106. For- 
eign address: 18 Bedford Row, Dept. PR., London, 
WC1R4EJ, England. 

Dealers: Contact Kathy Boghoslan, Retail Sales Manager, 80 
Micro, Elm St., Peterborough, NH 03458. (800) 343-0728. 



6 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 141 on Reader Service card 




m 



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Your writing is important to you, 
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When you need a word processor 
that can help you achieve the profession- 
al and sophisticated look that you want 
in your writing, two things are most 
important: 1.) The ability to present 
your ideas on paper in a sharp, crisp, 
and attractive manner, and 2.) The 
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The#l 

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LeScript's features include Automatic 
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Automatic Outline Indenting, Auto- 
matic Key-Word Search Disk File 
Directories, Programmable Macro 
Keys, Proportional Printing, ability 
to change Font Styles and Sizes, 
Foreign Language Character support, 
over 250 Printers supported, Tandy 
1000/2000 Keyboard support, and 
ability to handle files as large as 1 
megabyte (with optional memory 
expansion). 



80 MICRO Review, November 1985 



The Professional 
Look Is Easy 



Ordering Is Easy 




Unlike other advanced software Call (305) 259-9397, if you are ready 

packages, LeScript is one of the easiest to make the move to the #1 rated word 

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footnotes, page numbers, line spacing, over the phone, and ship most orders 

the works. LeScript even has the in- the same day. Personal and company 

credible ability to show you right on check orders are shipped after check 

the screen the words that are italic, clears. -. •» •- •"' "1 

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subscripted. A mm m • — — — | 

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necessary, yet un- 1| 
heard of among the 1 1 Name 

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Also, LeScript s ■■ 

commands are intui- ■■ c ^ 

tive. They work the ■■ Telephone 

way you think, not the 1* q1 c0 mputer 

way a programmer ■■ ,YP cl4 i^c. 

thinks. There is no |1 ptEA.SE RU=> n l £ 

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way to generate text ll ni _ k an d Training Guide . • • ■ • 95) _ 

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System requirements - IBM-PC Compatible: One disk drive, 128K memory, color or monochrome monitor, and DOS 2.0 or higher. 
TRS-80 Model 1/3/4/4D/4P: One disk drive and 48K memory. 



SIDE TRACKS / by Eric Maloney 



H 



Not-So-Public Domain 



Last summer we sponsored the 
Great 80 Micro Disk Swap in which 
we offered to mail readers a selection of 
public-domain (PD) software in ex- 
change for three programs from their 
own PD collections. The results were 
both good and bad. On the one hand, a 
lot of people sent us disks that contained 
excellent programs. But on the other, far 
more offered material that wasn't public 
domain. Apparently, even with all of the 
hoopla during the last five years over 
software piracy, many computerists still 
don't know what "public domain" 
means. Here, then, is a rundown of the 
myths and realities of software and 
copyrights. 

Myth #1: Free programs are in the pub- 
lic domain. 

The truth is that the cost of a program 
has nothing to do with its copyright sta- 
tus. The purpose of a copyright is to give 
the owner the right to do whatever he 
wants with his work. If he wishes to give 
it away, that's his privilege. If he wants 
to set conditions for its use— say. that the 
user can't resell the program— that also is 
his right. But he doesn't surrender his 
ownership rights unless he expressly says 
he does. 

Thus, a program you find on a- bulle- 
tin-board system or get from a users 
group is not necessarily PD. 
Myth #2: Commercial software that is 
no longer being manufactured is fair 
game for free distribution. 

Wrong. Again, a program's owner has 
complete control over the fate of his 
work. If he wants to. he can take it off the 
market and prevent it from ever seeing 
the light of day again. 

For instance. Lotus bought Software 
Arts and the rights to Visicalc and soon 
thereafter discontinued sales of the 
spreadsheet program. The company still 
owns the rights to Visicalc and can pros- 
ecute anyone it finds distributing copies. 

Such absolute ownership bothers a lot 
of people, who for some reason feel they 
have the right to freely share other peo- 
ples' software. Well, that's the price we 
pay for believing in private property. 
Myth #3: Programs in magazines are 
public domain. 

No. Most programs published in mag- 
azines (and books) are owned by the 
publication or the author and are for the 
private use of the magazine's readers. 
They can't be distributed on bulletin 




boards or through users groups without 
permission. 

80 Micro has fought this problem for 
years. It didn't surprise us to receive a 
number of our own programs during the 
Disk Swap. 

Software piracy has become so perva- 
sive that it is now an assumed part of the 
average computerist's life. Is this any 
way to treat your fellow programmers? 

Takes on Tandy 

A sign of the times: International Data 
Corp.'s Personal Computer Markets 
1985-1990 for 1986 refers several times 
to Tandy, even including an analysis of 
Tandy in the section "Company Profiles: 
Major PC Vendors." Get that— Tandy 
has been endorsed by a research group 
as a "major PC vendor." Furthermore. 
IDC sees Tandy as one of seven compa- 
nies (can you guess the others?) that will 
"continue to influence the industry for 
the foreseeable future." That Tandy 
should be so considered by IDC is indeed 
an unfamiliar experience for the folks in 
Fort Worth. 

IDC is particularly positive about Tan- 
dy's role in the education market, noting 
that PCs and compatibles have taken a 
significant portion of that market from 
Apple. 

"Tandy, in particular, went from ob- 
scurity to the number 2 position in unit 
shipments with 23.6 percent of the mar- 
ket." IDC continued. "Improved perfor- 
mance by both Tandy and IBM is due to 
lower prices of full-fledged IBM PCs... and 
the IBM-compatible Tandy 1000s." 

The report goes on to say. "Apple is 
sure to continue its efforts to increase its 



portion of the educational market, but it 
will also be met with increased competi- 
tion from low-cost PCs and compatibles. 
We believe that Tandy is especially well 
poised to continue capturing market 
share here with its low-cost Model 1000 
and follow-on products." 

IDC lists as Tandy's strengths its retail 
network; renovations to Radio Shack 
stores; and the educational, small-busi- 
ness, and home/hobby markets. Tandy 
seeks to attract small businesses, says 
IDC. with "an atmosphere for one-stop 
shopping, planning, service, and sup- 
port." and has maintained a presence in 
the home/hobby market "by continuing 
to offer lower-priced products through a 
retail network that, unlike many PC 
dealers, caters to the Individual buyer." 

On the other hand. IDC feels that 
Tandy is fighting a poor image ("To at- 
tract the corporate buyer's attention, it 
will be forced to assume a more profes- 
sional image") and Asian competitors. 
The latter in particular could affect 
Tandy by attracting price-conscious 
businesses that are Tandy's meat. 

The report concludes that we can't ex- 
pect to see any "bold or adventurous 
product developments" soon, but that 
Tandy will "keep a watchful eye on PC 
industry innovators like IBM and Com- 
paq, and. ..appropriate the most promis- 
ing developments of these leaders." 

IDC's profile of Tandy is about as ac- 
curate as any I've seen recently. It appro- 
priately focuses on what is Tandy's 
strength and weakness: A massive retail 
chain with a down-home image that at- 
tracts some customers (small busi- 
nesses, schools, and home users) and 
repels others (the Fortune 1000 user). 

There is another side, however, to the 
issue of Asian competition. As Tandy di- 
rector of market planning Ed Juge 
points out in his November Tandy User 
Group Newsletter, "The Asian no- 
names... have made buyers aware that 
viable personal computers don't abso- 
lutely require either an IBM price tag or 
label." Once the market accepts the idea 
that compatibles do not carry typhoid, 
Tandy is left with the much easier job of 
selling the customer on the company's 
service and stability. 

By the way. the other companies pro- 
filed in the IDC report are IBM. Com- 
paq. Zenith. AT&T, Leading Edge, and 
Apple.! 



8 • 80 Micro, February 1987 












f~<r 





roman Nostalgia 



IiOCQBHRX)IHn Pump ceLCic 

veffont Playbill 




CKdHGBlr^ Medium 

MM! Rotunda 

Ctfi^PJlJfi 5ma7/ Bold Italics 









Circle 91 on Reader Service card. 



DOTWRITER printed these on an Epson MX-80. 



See What You Can Do With. 




it 



DOTWRITER lets you create spec- 
tacular, eye-catching signs, invi- 
tations, letterheads, large sideways 
banners, catalogs, or even books. It is 

just what you need to turn your dot- 
matrix printer into a versatile typeset- 
ting machine. And it is available for 
your TRS-80 Model 4/4P (yes. in native 
mode), as well as for the Models I and 

m. 
WHAT IS DOTWRITER? 

DOTWRITER uses the "bit-image" 
graphics of your printer to pro- 
duce the kinds of stunning results 
shown inside the box. It is a full-func- 
tion text printing program, so you can 
inter-mix different character sets, do 
centering, paragraphs, pagination, 
magnification, draw horizontal and 
vertical lines, reversals (black on 
white), and even print right-justified 
proportional text. 

DOTWRITER includes the printing 
program, complete documentation, 
and fourteen useful typefaces (60 to 90 
characters per typeface). We will in- 
clude the 170-page Letterset Reference 
summary at half-price ($10.00) with 
your order. 

To use DOTWRITER, just write your 
text with any popular TRS-80 Word 
Processor (such as ALLWRITE or 



SuperScripsit), add the necessary for- 
matting commands, 
and DOTWRITER 
will do the rest. 
36 more letter- 
set disks are 




available separate- 
ly. Each has 3-12 
complete typefaces. 
The disks costs less 
than $25 each and 
you may purchase them at any time. 

SIDEWAYS 
SPREADSHEETS 

If your VisiCalc spreadsheets are too 
wide for your printer, our "LONG- 
VIEW" option may be just what you 
need. It is an add-on that turns spread- 
sheets sideways so that DOTWRITER 
can print them down the page instead 
of across. LONGVIEW comes with 
three additional fonts. 

EQUIPMENT 
REQUIREMENTS 

DOTWRITER needs a TRS-80 1. III. 4 or 4P with 2 
disk drives and 48K of memory. Separate versions 
of DOTWRITER support EPSON MX-80 with Graf- 
trax. MX- 100 with Graftrax-Plus, and FX, JX. RX; 
C.ITOH 8510/1550; MICROLINE 84-2/92/93; RADIO 
SHACK DMP 1 10-2100 /CGP-220; GEMINI 10X/15X 
and other STAR printers. 



We printed our samples on an Epson; sizes may 
vary on other printers. Many of the fonts shown 
above are available at extra cost. 

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80 graphics printing, we suggest you 
order DOTWRITER today. 



Please specify Printer and 
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shipping in U.S. 01 Canada. Sales tax in 
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INPUT 



The Path to Enlightenment 

Where does a neophyte thirsting for 
knowledge begin? Like most others. I took 
the obvious route of investing in a library 
of how-to and made-simple books, all 
promising instant enlightenment for the 
otherwise uneducated masses. But after 
investing hours and getting nowhere. I 
realized two other things were essential 
on the road to enlightenment: a com- 
puter and the human touch. 

I enrolled in the local evening school, 
which boasted a classroom full of some- 
what antiquated Apple lis. During the 
next nine weeks, the instructor man- 
aged at least to reduce my fear of com- 
puters from abject terror to deep and 
mistrustful apprehension. 

A considerable help was the availabil- 
ity of a Lisa computer where I work. The 
Lisa and I became so well acquainted 
that I seriously considered buying one. 
but disaster struck: Apple discontinued 
the machine. Undaunted. I sought other 
computer sources, and for nearly a year 
I was a fixture at Radio Shack, Comput- 
erland. and similar hallowed locales. In 
the majority of cases, the sales person- 
nel were just what their name implies. I 
knew at least as much as most of them did. 

Later. I found one salesman who ap- 
peared to know what his computers do. 
Nearly on my knees I approached him. 
and after a period of silence he acknowl- 
edged my existence. He inquired what I 
wanted his computer for. and my lack of 
knowledge became painfully obvious as 
I tried to stammer out a reply. His grow- 
ing awareness of my inadequacies was 
matched only by his disdain of so low a 
life form, indeed a subhuman, who not 
only didn't speak Fortran. Fortran IV. 
Cobol. Algol, or Pascal (not to mention 
failure to observe the dress code of tie- 
dyed T-shirt. Jeans, and sneakers), but 
was barely conversant in Basic. He ap- 
peared to listen to my humble replies to 
his barked commands while shuffling a 
few hundred disks with the deftness of a 
blackjack dealer and appraising me with 
the tenderness of a rattlesnake. 

He also hastened to point out that, but 
for him. the store wouldn't exist (it still 
does), that he was there to keep it all to- 
gether (he isn't there anymore), that the 
others were a bunch of simpletons (they 
were), and that he was the only person 
to buy a system from (I didn't). 

Arpad L. Lengyel 
Marietta, PA 




Microhelp Takes Exception 

We'd like to clarify misconceptions 
and glaring errors in reviews of two of 
our products. Peeks 'n Pokes and The In- 
side Track (October 1986. p. 27). 

For the record, we do market a library 
of subroutines called Mach 2, which was 
advertised on p. 161 of the same issue. 

The review gives the wrong prices. 
The Inside Track has a list price of $65; 
while Peeks 'n Pokes sells for $45. 

Your reviewer ignores what our cus- 
tomers consider to be the most useful 
features of The Inside Track, namely: 

1. The ability to go beyond Basic's 64K 
data limit and use all available DOS 
memory for storing strings. 

2. Windowing in Basic using a machine- 
language subroutine. 

3. Fast screen displays (instant when 
compiled). 

4. Reading and writing files as fast as 
DOS can. 

In addition, no mention is made of the 
fact that assembly-language source code 
is included on disk. 

Your reviewer writes that The Inside 
Track "has no instructions for using the 
OBJ files for interpretive Basic." Object 
modules are never used in interpretive 
Basic. On pp. 1-4 of our manual, we dis- 
cuss how to use the machine-language 
subroutines by storing them as strings: 
we do not suggest, as your reviewer 
says, that the user poke machine-lan- 



80 Micro's BBS is open 24 hours a 
day. It offers programs you can down- 
load, special-interest groups, and a 
classified section. You can reach the 
board at 603-924-6985: UART set- 
tings are 300/1.200 baud. 8-bit 
words. 1 stop bit. no parity. 



guage subroutines into memory. 

Regarding the Peeks 'n Pokes pro- 
gram, your reviewer states. "The struc- 
ture of these programs does not allow for 
their use as subroutines. They have no 
stated rules for variable names and don't 
use Basic line numbers." Balderdash! 
The single assembly subroutine in- 
cluded in the package has clearly iden- 
tified variable types and the sample 
programs include Basic line numbers. 

The comment. "To use these exam- 
ples, you will need to do a lot of debug- 
ging and analysis" is off the wall. Each 
feature is demonstrated in small sample 
programs. The routine for calling DOS/ 
BIOS functions and interrupts even has 
a large demonstration program covering 
many sample calls. The manuals en- 
courage the user to incorporate our pro- 
gram code into his own programs so he 
does not have to do a lot of debugging. 

Mark E. Novlsqff 

President, Microhelp Inc. 

Marietta. GA 

Reviewing GW-Convert 

Permit me to add information and cor- 
rection to David Engelhardt's GW-Con- 
vert review (October 1986. p. 161). 

Separate versions are available for the 
Radio Shack and Micro-Labs high-reso- 
lution graphics boards. There isn't 
enough room to include both on the 
same disk, and the documentation is dif- 
ferent, so we offer both versions for 20 
percent above the purchase price. 

Microsoft's Basic compiler supports 
the hi-res graphics commands included 
with the Radio Shack board. You can 
thus compile converted MS-DOS Basic 
graphics programs for maximum speed 
in the Model 4 mode. You don't need a 
hi-res board to use MS-DOS Basic's non- 
graphics commands. 

Finally, Engelhard t mentions that the 
Set, Reset, and Point commands aren't 
normally supported by Model 4 Basic. 
The latest version of GW-Convert in- 
cludes a routine called Graphic/CMD 
that supports these commands. 

Charley Butler 

The Alternate Source 

Lansing, MI 



Send your correspondence to Input, 
80 Micro. 80 Pine St., Peterborough, 
NH 03458. We reserve the right to edit 
letters. 



10 • 80 Micro, February 1987 




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Information and MO. orders 1 -31 4-436-0396 
Personal and Company Checks Accepted (on mall orders) 
Customer freight and handling F.O.B. St. Louis. MO 
Non Credit Card orders shipped U.P.S. C.O.D. 



Prices Subject to Change 

Minimum Order 

S25. 



Circle 263 on Reader Service card 



FEEDBACKLOOP/byMercedesSilver 



Send your questions or problems 
dealing with any area of Tandy/Radio 
Shack microcomputing to Feedback 
Loop, 80 Micro. 80 Pine St.. Peterbor- 
ough, NH 03458. Please Include a self- 
addressed, stamped envelope and day- 
time phone number. 



Jumping Hurdles 

Q: I've experienced two Model 4 graph- 
ics programming problems that I can't 
seem to solve. 

1 . How can I change the following Model 
III program fragment so it will run on the 
Model 4? 

FORA = 3TO 127 
B=40 
SET(A.B) 
NEXT A 

2. I created a diagram-block format by 
experimenting with characters and 
strings. When I finished, the cursor was 
on the outside. How can I get it back in- 
side so I can type information in the 
blocks? I know I can enter information 
while building the frame, but I want to 
do so after the frame is completed. 
(Frank Gillespie. Stoughton. MA) 

A: 1. You can add the graphics Set. 
Point, and Reset commands to Model 4 
Basic. Alan D. Smith's "Upgraded 
Graphics" in the August 1985 80 Micro 
(p. 76) tells you how. 
2. A Print® command ending with a 
semicolon (;) will let you print inside the 
diagram block from within the program, 
but if you try to use an Input command, 
some of the graphics will be erased. Add- 
ing a high-resolution board will allow 
you to insert text inside graphics with a 
program such as Jim Abbassian and 
Glen E. Sparks's "Drawing in Detail" 
(September 1985. p. 56). 

Dance, Mercedes 

Q: I want to remove unnecessary files 
from my Model I system disk to make 
room for word-processing and spelling- 
dictionary programs. I've tried unsuc- 
cessfully to use the Kill command with a 
password-utility program to remove For- 
mat and Backup. I would appreciate 
your telling me how to remove these 
files. If you can't, please cancel my sub- 
scription and refund my money. (Joe St- 
manonok, Bradenton, FL) 
A: Use the F3GUM password. (For 
example, the correct code for killing 
the Format file is KILL FORMAT/ 




CMD.F3GUM.) I have extended your 
subscription for two years. You will be 
billed shortly. 

Comparative Mnemonics 

Q: I need information about the assem- 
bly- and machine-language mnemonics 
of the Models III and 4 to compare them 
with those of my version of CP/M 2.2. I 
could then use programs in 80 Micro 
that are now beyond my abilities. (David 
Layman, Cedartown, GA) 
A: I can recommend two books. How to 
Program the Z80, by Rodney Zaks (Radio 
Shack catalog no. 62-2066). is no longer 
available In the warehouse, but some Ra- 
dio Shack stores might still have it. Inside 
CP/M, by David E. Cortesi. is available 
for $25 from Montezuma Micro (Redbird 
Airport. Hangar #8. P.O. Box 32027. Dal- 
las. TX 75232. 800-527-0347). 

Separated 

By a Common Language 

Q: I am about to go to England for a 
year and plan to use the built-in word 
processor of a Model 100 running on four 
AA batteries. Because of power incom- 
patibility, it is impractical to take any of 
my printers (standard 220-240 volts [V) 
ac, 50 characters per second). However, 
a computer person in England tells me 
that most printers there use the RS-232 
interface; the Model 100 word processor 
expects the Centronics standard. Where 
can I buy an interface that doesn't re- 
quire the ±5/± 12V power supply re- 
quired by Roger Alford's parallel-to- 
serial converter (Ever the Twain Shall 
Meet, April 1986. p. 78)? 

I am told a transformer that runs off 
110- 120V isn't practical. I looked into 
Radio Shack adapters, but the label says 
they might cause transformers to over- 



heat. I could adapt batteries if the inter- 
face required only 5V or 9V dc. 

Also. I recently tried to build a speech 
synthesizer using the new text-to- 
speech algorithm chip and the old sound 
chip from Radio Shack. I used the sche- 
matic that allowed use of the RS-232. 
but I couldn't get it to work. I then pur- 
chased Echo GP. which came with a 9V 
dc power supply and allowed direct text- 
to-speech synthesis. (I also wrote a pro- 
gram to send ASCII text to the RS-232 
and have the synthesizer "speak" it.) I 
hooked up seven NiCad C cells and the 
setup worked fine, but it required so 
much power that it drained the batteries 
in three hours. Do you know of a low- 
power unit that allows text-to-speech 
conversion without a special program 
and accepts input from the computer via 
the RS-232? I'd also like it to be portable. 
(David T. Elder. Birmingham. AL) 
A: Roger Alford informs me that the 
parallel/RS-232 conversion interface in 
his April 1986 Project 80 column can 
use a standard ± 5/ ± 12V power supply, 
including one that is available in En- 
gland. The ± 12V supply can be any- 
where from ±5V to ± 25V— the actual 
voltage is not critical. You could, for ex- 
ample, use two 9V batteries to generate 
these voltages. 

You can buy a parallel-to-serial con- 
verter from Tigertronics Inc. (2734-C 
Johnson Drive. Ventura. CA 93006. 805- 
658-7466) for $89.95 plus $3 shipping 
and handling. Order Model 775. A con- 
nector option costs $10 extra. 

As for the speech system. Roger re- 
cently worked with an overseas company 
to develop a portable, battery-operated 
computer with advanced text-to-speech 
capability. The system, called Buddy 
MX. has a built-in text editor, terminal 
emulator, and printer buffer, and in- 
cludes an RS-232C and Centronics par- 
allel-printer port, as well as other 
features. It will sell for a reasonable price 
and should soon be on the market in the 
United States. 

Strung Out on Pascal 

Q: I am writing a file-management sys- 
tem using TRSDOS 6 Basic for input/ 
output and Alcor Pascal for sorts and 
manipulation. I get garbage when I use 
the Pascal Decodei(string] function to 
convert a string generated by the Basic 
MKI$(integer] function back to an inte- 
ger. Is there an inverse to MKI$ in Alcor 
Pascal or a way to produce one? Also. 



12 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 17 on Reader Service card. 



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• Simultaneous control of four stepper motors. 

• Use plain English commands, e.g.: "Move hand 2.5 inches" 

• Low cost (Less than $75 per axis). 

• Built in 8 bit multitasking processor and large memory. 

• Artificial intelligence allows user definable names for motors 
and motions, and allows a very loose syntax. 

• Fully built in Robotic language includes: Pause, Wait for, 
Move, Move to, Max-Speed, Brake, Single-step, Repeat, etc. 

• Individual control of acceleration, speed, etc. for each motor. 

• Select half step, full step, or wave drive for each motor. 

• Works with full floating point absolute or relative coordinates. 

• Pushbuttons for start/stop, single move, home and reset. 

• Powerful floating point scaling factor for each axis. 

• Programmable holding power. 

• Five status LED's show what's happening. 

• On board inputs for eight limit switches. 




Built in Panic Button input 

Can use any units: in., cm, mm, degrees, etc. 

Optional "Teach Pendant" with direct control (RC-121). 

Switch inputs for "Wait Until" or "Do While" operations. 

Powerful Macro capability: complex sequences of motions can 

be taught from your computer, (or directly, with the optional 

"Teach Pendant"). These macros can then be executed with a 

single word. 

On the fly reporting of position, speed, status, mode, etc. 

Works immediately with BASIC, Pascal, etc. 

On board drivers for small stepper motors (350mA per phase). 

Optional power driver board (PD-1 23) for up to 5 A per phase. 

Works with IBM, Apple, and most Radio Shack computers, via 

the A- BUS system (see next page). 

Works with any combination of A- BUS cards (use 2 cards to 

control 8 motors, etc.) Pricing: see next page. 



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FEEDBACK LOOP 



how does one call TRSDOS JCL (job-con- 
trol language) files from Pascal? 
(F. P. Lynah III, Broadway, NJ) 
A: You seem to misunderstand the 
MKI$ function, which allows Basic to 
store an integer value in an area set aside 
for string fields in a file-record structure. 
Program Listing 1 establishes a file con- 
taining 37-byte records consisting of an 
integer record number, a 25-character 
string, and five integer numbers. After 
writing 20 data records, the program 
closes the file and exits. 

Program Listing 2 is a Pascal program 
that defines a record structure identical 
to that of the Basic program. The Pascal 
program opens the test data file, reads 
each record, and lists it to the video 
screen. Note that using the MKI$ func- 
tion in Basic writes a pure binary integer 
to the file, which any other language can 
access. With the exception of the pro- 
gram-header statement and the use of 
the Assign statement, this program 
works directly in Alcor Pascal. 

In general, you can access any infor- 
mation written from Basic (using the 
Field statement) by arranging your rec- 
ord structures correctly. Strings written 
by Basic in this manner contain no 
length information. In the sample pro- 
gram, the string is written left-justified, 
with blank fill taking up a 25-byte area. 
When the string is read in Pascal, you 
must use a 25-character array and ex- 
pect the string to fill all of it. 

Integers are stored as full 16-bit words 
in the "byte-reversed" Intel format com- 
mon to Z80 and 8088 machines. You can 
read this Basic data by making sure rec- 
ord alignment is correct. Floating-point 
and double-precision numbers aren't so 
simple: They require in-depth study of 
the interpreter and compiler technical 
references to verify that the internal for- 
mat of real numbers is the same. In most 
cases, it will be for Model I and III com- 
pilers, which use the ROM routines. 
Other implementations may use their 
own internal real-number format, inval- 
idating information transferred with the 
techniques outlined here. 

There is no way to call a JCL procedure 
from within Pascal without writing the 
routine to link to the operating system. 

Taking the Bypass 

Q: I use Newdos/80 on a Model III with 
an LP VIII printer. Whenever I use the 
Route. PR, Do. PR or Route. Do. Do, PR 
command, the printer underlines every- 
thing. When my friends with Epson 
printers try it, their printouts are com- 
pressed. Can you help? (Fay Price, 
Muncle. IN) 

A: Newdos/80 sends a 15 code (OF 
hex) to the video driver to turn off the 
cursor when entering Basic or executing 



Program Listing 1 . Program that sets up files used In Pascal Decodei-Basic 
MKI$ conversion. 

10 DEFINT A-Z 

20 OPEN "R",l, "TEST/DAT", 37 

30 FIELD 1, 2 AS RS, 25 AS S$, 2 AS A$, 2 AS B$, 

2 AS C$, 2 AS D$, 2 AS ES 
40 STRNG$="abcdefghi jklmnopqrstuvwxyz" 
50 FOR REC=1 TO 20 
60 LSET RS=MKI$(REC) 
70 LSET S$=STRNGS 
80 LSET A$=MKIS("2) 
90 LSET B$=MKI$(-1) 
100 LSET CS=MKI$( 0) 
110 LSET D$=MKIS( 1) 
120 LSET E$=MKI$( 2) 
130 PUT l.REC 
140 STRNG$=RIGHT$(STRNG$,1)+LEFT$(STRNG$,LEN 

(STRNG$)-1) 
150 NEXT REC 
160 CLOSE 1 
17 END End 



Program Listing 2. Alcor Pascal program with Basic record structure. 

PROGRAM Test; 

TYPE 

testdat = RECORD 



recno : Integer; 
strinfo : ARRAY* 



.25* OF Char; 



numl 
num2 
num3 
num4 
num5 
END; 



Integer; 
Integer; 
Integer ; 
Integer; 
Integer ; 



VAR 

testfile : FILE OF testdat; 
testitem : testdat; 
i : Integer; 

BEGIN 

Assign(testfile, 'TEST.DAT'); 
Reset (testfile) ; 

FOR i := 1 TO 20 DO 
BEGIN 

Read(testf ile, testitem); 
WITH testitem DO 
BEGIN 

Write (recno: 2, ' '); 
Write(strinfo:25, ' '); 
Write(numl:2, ' ') 
Wr ite (num2 : 2, ' ') 
Write (num3: 2, ' ') 
Write (num4 : 2, ' ' ) 
WriteLn (num5: 2, ' 
END; 
END; 



End 



direct commands. Coincidentally, the 
same code activates the underline mode 
in LP VIII dot-matrix and daisy-wheel 
printers. 

You might also notice that after the 
screen is cleared, the first character on 
the printout repeats 31 times, which is 
another video-control code problem. 
Newdos/80 issues home (28) and clear- 
to-end-of-screen codes (31) that, on the 
LP VIII, activate the repeat mode and the 
number of times a command is to be re- 
peated. The first character after the 
clear-screen command, 31, also serves 
as the third character of the repeat 
sequence. 

If you don't need your printer's special 
features while routing data, try the 
Routefix/CMD program that was incor- 
rectly labeled "Patch/BAS" in the No- 
vember Feedback Loop (p. 16). If the 
printer is underlining, turn it off and 
back on, install Routeflx, and then route 
your command. 



Accounts Unreceivable 

Q: I have been using Radio Shack's Ac- 
counts Receivable and other business 
programs for five years and have up- 
graded them from Model I to Model III 
versions. They now run on my Model 4's 

withLDOS. 

The programs don't provide enough 
space for long name or address lines, and 
when printing invoices for billing they 
chop the end off these address lines even 
further. The problem existed long before 
I upgraded to the Model 4's and LDOS. 
Although I know a little about Basic, I 
am unable to find where name and ad- 
dress lengths are established in the pro- 
gram. (Walter A. McCall, Campbell, CA) 
A: The problem is in the Field state- 
ment, which establishes the size of the 
data in each record and usually follows 
an Open file statement. Since your files 
have been established as fielded, they'll 
become garbage when you change the 
Field statement. If you lengthen the 



14 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 17 on Reader Service card. 



The Amazing A-BUS \& 




An A- BUS system with two Motherboards 

A-BUS adapter (IBM) In foreground 



Plug into the future 

With the A-BUS you can plug your PC (IBM, Apple, 
TRS-80) into a future of exciting new applications in the fields 
of control, monitoring, automation, sensing, robotics, etc. 

Alpha's modular A-BUS offers a proven method to build your 
"custom" system today. Tomorrow, when you are ready to take 
another step, you will be able to add more functions. This is ideal for 
first time experimenting and teaching. 

A-BUS control can be entirely done in simple BASIC or Pascal, 
and no knowledge of electronics is required! 

An A-BUS system consists of the A-BUS adapter plugged into 
your computer and a cable to connect the Adapter to 1 or 2 A-BUS 
cards. The same cable will also fit an A-BUS Motherboard for 
expansion up to 25 cards in any combination. 

The A-BUS is backed by Alpha's continuing support (our 11th 
year, 50000 customers in over 60 countries). 

The complete set of A-BUS User's Manuals is available for $10. 



About the A-BUS: 

• All the A-BUS cards are very easy to use with any language that can 
read or write to a Port or Memory In BASIC, use INPand OUT (or PEEK and 
POKE with Apples and Tandy Color Computers) 

• They are all compatible with each other You can mix and match up to 25 
cards to tit your application Card addresses are easily set with jumpers. 

• A-BUS cards are shipped with power supplies (except PO-123) and 
detailed manuals (including schematics and programming examples) 

Relay Card RE-140:$129 

Includes eight industrial relays. (3 amp contacts, SPST) individually 
controlled and latched 8 LED's show status. Easy to use (OUT or POKE in 
BASIC). Card address is jumper selectable. 

Reed Relay Card re-is6:$99 

Same features as above, but uses 8 Reed Relays to switch low level signals 
(20mA max). Use as a channel selector, solid state relay driver, etc. 

Analog Input Card ad-i42:$i29 

Eight analog inputs. to +5V range can be expanded to 100V by adding a 
resistor 8 bit resolution (20mV). Conversion time 120us Perfect to 
measure voltage, temperature, light levels, pressure, etc. Very easy to use. 

1 2 Bit A/D Converter an-i 46: $1 39 

This analog to digital converter is accurate to .025%. Input range is -4V to 
+4V Resolution: 1 millivolt. The on board amplitier boosts signals up to 50 
times to read microvolts. Conversion time is 1 30ms. Ideal lor thermocouple, 
strain gauge, etc. 1 channel. (Expand to 8 channels using the RE-1 56 card). 

Digital Input Card in-i41:$59 

The eight inputs are optically isolated, so it's safe and easy to connect any 
"on/off" devices, such as switches, thermostats, alarm loops, etc. to your 
computer. To read the eight inputs, simply use BASIC INP (or PEEK). 

24 Line TTL I/O dg-148: $65 

Connect 24 input or output signals (switches or any TTL device) to your 
computer. The card can be set for; input, latched output, strobed output, 
strobed input, and/or bidirectional strobed I/O. Uses the 8255 A chip. 

Clock with Alarm cl-144: $89 

Powerful clock/calendar with: battery backup for Time, Date and Alarm 
setting (time and date); built in alarm relay, led and buzzer; timing to 1 /1 00 
second. Easy to use decimal format Lithium battery included. 

Touch Tone® Decoder ph-i45:$79 

Each tone is converted into a number which is stored on the board. Simply 
read the number with INP or POKE. Use for remote control projects, etc 

A-BUS Prototyping Card pr-i52:$is 

3Vfe by 4'A in with power and ground bus. Fits up to 10 IC.s 




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coordinate (relative or absolute), ramping, speed, step type (half, full, wave), 
scale factor, units, holding power, etc Many inputs: 8 limit & "wait until" 
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Remote Control Keypad Option FtC-1 21 : $49 

To control the 4 motors directly, and "teach" sequences of motions 
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For easy connection of 2 motors. 3 ft. cable ends with screw terminal board. 

Stepper Motor Driver st-i43:$79 

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Intelligent Voice Synthesizer, 14 Bit Analog to Digital converter. 4 Channel 
Digital to Analog converter, Counter Timer, Voice Recognition. 

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IBM PC, XT, AT and compatibles, uses one short slot 
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Apple II, II+, lie. Uses any slot 
TRS-80 Model 102, 200 Plugs into 40 pin "system bus- 
Model 100. Uses 40 pin socket (Socket is duplicated on adapter) 
TRS-80 Mod 3,4,40 Fits 50 pin bus .(With hard disk, use Y-caWe) 
TRS-80 Model 4 P Includes extra cable (50 pin bus is recessed! 
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Special cable for two A-BUS cards: CA-1 62: $34 

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name field, your printout might end up 
with the name including part of the ad- 
dress. You must establish new files when 
you lengthen fields. 

It might be easier to find where the 
program accepts input and control the 
data lengths from there. (See "Restricted 
Entry," by Jose E. Anaya, May 1985, 
p. 70, for a helpful Basic input routine.) 

Patches, More Patches 

Q: Years ago, I came across a patch to 
Model I Disk Scripsit that allowed me to 
use any delimiter after an F. R, or D com- 
mand. The only rule was that the char- 
acter typed after the command became 
the delimiter. 

I got used to that convention, but now 
I use Model III and 4 Scripsit and have 
lost the patch. Can you give me any 
help? (Frank Blunda, Unity. MD) 
A: Here are three patches. For the 
Model I, use the Patch/BAS program in 
the January 1987 Debug column (p. 87) 
and insert the following lines: 

600 DATA SCRIPSIT/LC 

610 DATA 06.67 .0A.3A.D3.7D.CD.FF.53.C8, 

32.41.68 
620 DATA 06.71.09.32.4D.68.32.A4.68.32. 

A8.68 
630 DATA 06.7A.04.3A.40.7C.C9 
640 DATA 16.E9.03.CD.4B.58 

You can substitute Scripsit/UC for 
Scripsit/LC (the upper- and lowercase 
control files) if you need to. 

Here are the Model III patches: 

PATCH SCRIPSIT/CMD (ADD - 5203.FIND = 

2843292028.CHG = 3A297CCDC4) 

PATCH SCRIPSIT/CMD (ADD = 5208.FIND = 

5029203 139.CHG = 54C8328 168) 

PATCH SCRIPSIT/CMD (ADD = 520D.FIND = 

383020544 1 ,CHG = 328D6832E4) 

PATCH SCRIPSIT/CMD (ADD = 5212.FIND = 

4E44592043.CHG = 6832E8683A) 

PATCH SCRIPSIT/CMD (ADD = 5217.FIND = 

4F5250.CHG = 757 AC9) 

PATCH SCRIPSIT/CMD (ADD = 68D3.FIND = 

3A757 A.CHG = CD0352) 

With the Model 4 version, use the Build 
command to create a file called Scripsit/ 
FIX and type in the following data: 

D00.07 = 3A 5C 60 CD DD 3A C8 32 
F00.07 = 43 4F 50 59 52 49 47 48 
D00.0F = C7 4C 32 D3 4C 32 2A 4D 
FOO.OF = 54 20 3 1 39 38 33 20 54 
D00. 17 = 32 2E 4D 3A C9 5E C9 
FOO,17 = 41 4E44 59 20 43 4F 
D14.8C=CD03 38 
F14.8C = 3AC9 5E 

Exit the Build mode by typing the con- 
trol-shift-® combination; then type 
PATCH SCRIPSIT USING SCRIPSIT. Now 
you can use any delimiter regardless of 
which version of Scripsit you are running. 

Specific Density 

Q: I bought a used Model I with 16K, 
Level II Basic, and a Micro Design MDX-2 



expansion board with 48K. The MDX-2 
uses a 1771 floppy-disk controller. I plan 
to use two Pentec FD-200 5 14-inch drives. 

The 1771's spec sheet says it is de- 
signed for single-density IBM 3740 for- 
mat or "user-selected sector format." 
Does this mean that DOS can format it? 
The FD-200 can run single or double 
density, but is the IBM 3740 compatible 
with 5'/ 4 -inch drives? 

I need to know if the MDX-2 and FD- 
200 will work properly together and 
which DOS I should use. (Vance Peter- 
sen, Cornelius, OR) 

A: The 1771 floppy -disk controller chip 
can format disks a number of ways un- 
der DOS control. The problem is that it's 
designed for single-density operation 
only and doesn't support the double- 
density operation of the FD-200. You 
should still be able to run the FD-200 
with single-density operation, however. 

You can operate the FD-200 in double- 
density mode with a double-density 
board available from third-party ven- 
dors. These boards once were hot-selling 
items but are difficult to find now, since 
the Model I has been out of production 
for some time. One board still available 
is the Aerocomp DDC ($99 plus $3 ship- 
ping and handling) from Total Access 
(P.O. Box 790276. Dallas. TX 75379. 
214-337-4346). You can also purchase 
the board with LDOS for $159 or with 
Newdos/80 2.0 for $ 179. 

It is difficult to pick an operating sys- 
tem, and 80 Micro has reviewed the ones 
that are available (including Dosplus 3.4 
in October 1982. p. 244; LDOS in June 

1981. p. 130; LDOS 5.1 in September 

1982. p. 250: and Newdos/80 2.0 in Feb- 
ruary 1982. p. 152). Newdos/80 and 
LDOS are both good operating systems. 
Newdos/80 being more for the program- 
mer. Study the features of the various 
DOSes before choosing one. 

100 Problems 

Q: Recently, my 24K Model 100 devel- 
oped a strange problem. I was unable to 
download a file in Telecom mode, save a 
new file name in Basic, or open a new file 
name in Text (I could reopen existing 
files in all three modes, however). At that 
point I had about 10K of free space left. 
When I deleted some files and had about 
UK free, I could open new files. When 
the free space was again about 10K, the 
problem returned. 

Having previously uploaded all my 
files via Telecom and RS-232. 1 killed the 
Model 100 (and erased the files) by si- 
multaneously pressing both the control 
and pause keys while turning the power 
on instead of turning the memory power 
switch off. I turned the power off then 
back on shortly afterward. The problem 
was gone until I again reached about 



10K of free memory, and then it van- 
ished again when I deleted some files. 
Now, however, the problem has been 
gone for several weeks and I can open 
new files with the computer showing as 
little as 645 bytes free. (Stephen L. 
Johnston, Huntsville, AL) 

A: Carl Oppedahl, author of Inside the 
Model 100 (published by Weber Systems 
of Chesterland, OH, and available in 
B. Dalton bookstores), gives three possi- 
ble explanations. 

1. The directory is full. Model 100 (and 
102) directories have two limitations: 
The total space filled by the files may not 
exceed the installed RAM, and the num- 
ber of distinct file names may not exceed 
the number of spaces available on the 
main menu. Although your letter 
doesn't mention the exact error message 
you got in Basic, it was probably "?FL," 
which means you bumped up against 
the latter limitation. The fact that you 
can use existing files but can't create 
new ones makes this the most likely ex- 
planation. Since files can be made invis- 
ible (as in some commercial programs), 
you might see blanks on the main menu 
and yet not have enough room for a new 
file name. 

To see if you have any invisible files, 
run this two-line program: 

1 FORI = 63842TO64106STEPll:IF(PEEK 
(I) AND 136)= 136 THEN FOR J = 1 + 3 TO 
I+10:PRINT CHR$(PEEK(J))::NEXT: 
PRINT 

2 NEXT 

The program always reveals at least 
two usually invisible files, the paste 
buffer and Basic*. In the 100, they are 
called Hayashi and Suzuki, while in the 
102 they have unpronounceable names 
starting with "2" and '72. " Maybe your 
problem came from having more than 
those two invisible files. 

2. Defective RAM chip. Your 24K com- 
puter contains three 8K chips. Depend- 
ing on your HIMEM setting, when the 
menu shows 10K free you might be ap- 
proaching the start of the second 8K 
chip, marked M8 on the PC board. It is 
remotely possible that a faulty chip 
caused the trouble, but in the 100, a bad 
memory chip almost always destroys 
every file. If your computer is a 26-3801. 
M8 is socketed, and you can trouble- 
shoot by swapping it with a good chip. 
(If it is a 26-3802. M8 might be socketed 
or soldered in.) Be sure to save important 
files before swapping memory chips or 
performing a RAM test. 

3. A program you are running is poking 
in RAM above 62960. The control-break- 
reset you described is a good way to get 
a clean, empty Model 100, and sets right 
anything amiss above 62960. Be sure to 
save important files first. ■ 



16 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



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: 



PULSE TRAIN / by Ryan Davis-Wright 



Cruising Comdex 



The success story at 

Comdex/Fall was Intel 
Corp., the manufacturer of 
the central-processing chips 
(8086. 8088. 80286. and 
80386) at the heart of to- 
day's PCs. Computers and 
other devices Incorporating 
either the Intel 80386 or 
82786 graphics chip were 
more prevalent at Comdex 
than sand from the Nevada 
desert. 

For the embattled Intel, 
this was a resounding vin- 
dication. Like other Ameri- 
can chip makers. Intel has 
been waging a costly war 
against overseas competi- 
tion. For the moment, however, the Cal- 
ifornia semiconductor maker has the in- 
dustry tiger by the tall. 

Though the show spotlighted a host 

of interesting products (enhanced video 
boards, desktop-publishing systems for 
PCs. networks, and clones under every 
bush), conversation focused on the 
80386 and what it portends for the in- 
dustry. The 32-bit chip is the successor 
to the 16-bit 80286 chip found in AT- 
type machines like the Tandy 3000. The 
16- megahertz (MHz) 80386 runs DOS 
programs two to three times faster than 
the 8MHz 80286; in multitasking mode, 
it can run several programs— even 
several different operating systems— 
simultaneously. Clearly, the 80386 is for 
the next generation of computers. 

What software is available for this 

hotshot chip? At present, none. Rumor 
had it that Microsoft would announce a 
386 version of Windows at Comdex, but 
the software developer's hands were 
empty. The company is apparently 
scrambling to finish its 80286 operating 
system so it can get on with the 80386 
version. When will the new 286 operat- 
ing system appear? Look under your 
Christmas tree next December. 

Other companies, meanwhile, are 
trying to capitalize on the lack of an 
80386 operating system by offering all 
manner of pseudo-operating system 
software. Control systems. DOS/Unix 
hybrids, multitasking/multiuser conflg- 




Comdex/Fall highlighted a host of Interesting products. 



urations— even assemblers, linkers, and 
C compilers— were exhibited at Com- 
dex. While Microsoft is preoccupied, de- 
velopers of these products hope to carve 
a market niche. They just might be 
successful. 

IBM cast a long shadow at the show. 

Its presence extended beyond its booth 
and into conversations about the future 
of 80386 computers. Though everyone 
expects IBM to produce an 80386 ma- 
chine, nobody knows what it will look 
like, how It will be configured, or 
whether it will be compatible with exist- 
ing PCs and other manufacturers' 386 
computers. 

William Lowe, president of IBM's En- 
try Systems Division and the conven- 
tion's keynote speaker, gave some clues 
in his address. While emphasizing new 
PC requirements (more memory, better 
graphics, higher performance, advanced 
communications, and user support), he 
also expressed commitment to the cur- 
rent PC line: "We'll do this by supporting 
current products in a compatible way to 
coexist in the environment where new 
ones are used." Translation: Expect 
some PC upgrades. 

Lowe also hinted at future multimedia 
systems with interfaces combining text, 
graphics, voice, and images. IBM is cur- 
rently spending more than half its re- 
search-and-development budget on soft- 
ware emphasizing "connectivity, ease of 
use, multitasking, enhanced graphics, 
and the support of complete IBM sys- 



tems." he said. "This will in- 
tegrate the PC effectively into 
our large-account offerings." 
Lowe's speech did not en- 
tirely ignore the home mar- 
ket. "What I also find 
exciting." he said, "is the 
opportunity to apply these 
advances to education and 
home-use applications, as 
well as to business. ... Better 
price performance and 
more function at a specific 
price point will provide 
more power to the many 
users of personal com- 
puters, whether they are in 
business, in an educational 
environment, or using a PC 
at home for their personal needs." 

Lowe's most important news was that 
IBM will "continue to support open-ar- 
chitectured interfaces for applications 
providers to write to." This might not 
make PC-compatible makers sleep bet- 
ter, but it's the clearest delineation yet of 
IBM's future plans. Overall, Lowe pre- 
dicted that 1987 will be an exciting year 
for the microcomputer industry, which 
means an exciting year for IBM. Sounds 
like Big Blue has some surprises in store. 

About 15 companies demonstrated 

80386 computers, the most notable 
being Compaq Computer Corp.. Zenith 
Data Systems. PC's Limited Inc.. Corvus 
Systems Inc., SCI Technology Inc., Kay- 
pro Corp., Computer Dynamics Inc., and 
Multltech Electronics Inc. Other compa- 
nies showing 80386 machines were Ad- 
vanced Logic Research. Wyse Tech- 
nology. American Research Corp.. Laser 
Digital Inc.. Citron Electronic Corp.. 
Mitsui & Co. Inc.. Rexon Inc., and Amer- 
ican Computer & Peripheral Inc. Most of 
the computers are scheduled for ship- 
ment in the first or second quarter 
of 1987. 

If you don't want to spend $6,000 
for an 80386 computer, you might con- 
sider spending $2,000 or so for an 80386 
speed-up board. Quadram Corp.. Ap- 
plied Reasoning Corp.. Intel. Seattle Te- 
lecom fit Data Inc.. Orchid Technology, 
and American Computer & Peripheral 
displayed boards that offer most of the 



80 Micro, Febniary 1987 • 19 



PULSE TRAIN 



advantages of an 80386 computer while 
costing only a third of the money. 

The best 80386 deal: Cheetah Inter- 
national Inc.'s 4-inch circuit board 
($400), which you can plug into the 
80286 socket of an AT computer. The 
board gives you more speed and the abil- 
ity to run 80386-based programs. 

High-speed 80286-based AT com- 
puters were almost as popular at Com- 
dex as regular clones. Many run at 
speeds up to 12.5MHz with no wait 
states. The champion's ring goes to PC's 
Limited, which exhibited a 16MHz 
AT— the speed equivalent of many 
80386 machines. 

Though Tandy had nothing remark- 
able—other than a Model 4D— among 
the 30-odd computers at its booth, it did 
demonstrate a full-length Enhanced 
Graphics Plus board ($359) with the new 
EM-1 monitor ($699). The board has 
256K of video RAM and can display 16- 
color graphics with 640- by 350-pixel 
resolution (the standard set by IBM's En- 
hanced Graphics Adapter [EGA] ). 
What's most interesting about the board 
is that you can use it to display EGA- 
standard graphics on Tandy's high-res- 
olution CM-1 color monitor ($529.95). 

Just when you think EGA-standard 

graphics are the ultimate, something 
new comes along that's even better. Sev- 
eral companies at Comdex displayed en- 
hanced-video boards that work with 
multimode monitors, such as NEC 
Home Electronics (USA) Inc.'s Multi- 
sync. NEC's monitor, which works with 
almost any graphics board, has been the 
industry's hottest seller. In high-resolu- 
tion mode, it provides 640- by 480-pixel 
resolution— the same as IBM's Profes- 
sional Graphics Controller (PGC). The 
high-resolution mode produces a 
sharper image and makes quite a differ- 
ence when you're using EGA-specific 
programs. 

Other manufacturers offering vari- 
able-sync monitors include Taxan USA 
Corp., Magnavox/NAP Consumer Elec- 
tronics Corp., Princeton Graphics Sys- 
tems, and Teknika Electronics Corp. 

Number Nine Corp. and Quadram dis- 
played video boards (both priced at 
about $ 1 ,000) using Intel's 82786 graph- 
ics coprocessor chip. Quadram's 
QuadHPG and Number Nine's Pepper 
Plus are designed for EGA users needing 
better graphics performance. Both 
boards are EGA and PGC compatible 
and can display 256-color graphics with 
650- by 480-pixel resolution. 

The 82786 chip provides a hardware 
solution to the problems associated with 



running graphics-intensive programs. 
By putting many of the graphics func- 
tions at the hardware level, you can great- 
ly increase speed, since the main 
processor doesn't have to spend all its 
time wrestling with graphics calculations. 

Expect to see a slew of video boards 

using graphics chips this year. Texas In- 
struments Inc. is already offering a 
graphics chip that competes with Intel's. 
Within two years, the price of these 
boards should be down to about $400. 
By then, however, most computers will 
have built-in EGA-standard video. For 
now, the problem with these boards is 
finding software to run with them— most 
require software drivers. 

I saw an interesting demonstration of 
Digital Research's Gem 786, which is 
configured for the Quadram board. The 
demonstration dispelled my misgivings 
about Gem, and even Windows for that 
matter. The graphics interface was ex- 
tremely fast and fluid; in fact, it ran 
about as fast as the Atari 1040ST. Based 
on this performance. Gem could make a 
resurgence. 

Though most of the attention at 

Comdex was given to new, high-powered 
AT machines, regular PCs are undergo- 
ing a quiet revolution of their own. Now 
that PCs have become commodity 
items, computer companies are eschew- 
ing the plain-vanilla MS-DOS boxes and 
bundling new features with their ma- 
chines. Today's PCs are smaller, faster, 
cheaper, and more capable than their 
predecessors. 

How fast can a PC perform? American 
Research Corp. and Wyse Technology 
have 8088-based computers operating 
in the 10MHz range. One way to make 
PCs perform faster is to run them with- 
out wait states (cycles during which the 
CPU stops). Zero wait-state capability 
has been a feature of more advanced 
80286 machines, but it is migrating to 
the low end. 

The original PC is an ungainly beast 
compared to current models. Even the 
Tandy 1000 looks portly compared to 
new machines like Wyse Technology's 
pc + . Tandon Corp., the manufacturer of 
the Tandy 1200. displayed its AT-class 
computer, the Targa, which Tandon 
says is "compatible by design." The unit 
is a little box (measuring 6 inches wide. 
15.7 inches deep, and 6.3 inches high), 
but it comes with a color-graphics card, 
five open slots. 640K on the mother- 
board, a 1 .2MB floppy drive, and a 30MB 
drive— all for about $3,000. If only all 
computers looked this good. 

In other news, Borland International 

unveiled several new products, includ- 



ing Turbo Basic (an inexpensive Micro- 
soft Basic compiler). Eureka: The Solver 
(problem-solving and numerical-analy- 
sis software), and the Turbo Pascal Nu- 
merical Methods Toolbox. Each package 
sells for $99.95. 

Borland International's new Turbo Ba- 
sic compiler is a shot across the bow at 
Microsoft's Quick Basic. Borland touts 
8087/80287 support, true recursion, 
faster compilation, and smaller com- 
piled programs as some of the advan- 
tages Turbo Basic has over Quick Basic. 
Turbo Basic can use all available mem- 
ory for array data, with any single array 
using up to 64K. String data can occupy 
up to 64K. You don't have to link a li- 
brary to generate a stand-alone execut- 
able file, as you do in Quick Basic. 
Borland, as usual, will hype this pro- 
gram to high heaven. With True Basic 
beginning to gain market share, this has 
the markings of a real cat fight. 

Eastman Kodak finally introduced its 
6.6-megabyte (MB) floppy disk ($799) 
and its 12MB hard-shell removable disk 
($1,499). Verbatim Corp.. a Kodak sub- 
sidiary, will push the products into the 
marketplace. 

Kodak might have missed the boat, 
however. Konica Technology Inc. an- 
nounced a 10MB floppy, scheduled for 
shipment in mid- 1987. It costs the same 
as the Kodak disk and gives you 40 per- 
cent more storage. 

The most-notable-clone award goes to 
Bondwell's $499 X'Press 16. Of all the 
clones displayed, it gives the most bang 
for the buck. It's the Commodore 64 of 
the MS-DOS world. 

Portable makers causing the biggest 
stir were Datavue Technical Systems 
and NEC. Datavue introduced its Spark 
portable ($995), featuring a dual-speed 
(4.77 or 9.54MHz) 8088 processor, a 3.5- 
inch disk drive (a second 3.5-inch drive 
is optional), 384K RAM (expandable to 
640K), a super-twist or super- twist elec- 
troluminescent screen, an external RGB 
port, serial and parallel ports, a re- 
chargeable nickel-cadmium (NiCad) bat- 
tery, and an internal 300-/1.200-baud 
modem port. 

NEC unveiled the Multi-Speed porta- 
ble ($ 1 ,995), featuring a dual-speed (4.77 
or 9.54MHz) NEC V30 chip; two 3.5-inch 
disk drives; a detachable, super-twist. 
80-character by 25-line, liquid-crystal 
display (LCD) screen; 640K RAM; a nu- 
meric keypad; MS-DOS 3.2; a recharge- 
able NiCad battery; parallel and serial 
ports; and an external RGB port. The 
Multi-Speed also has five firmware pro- 
grams in ROM: an outliner and notepad, 
plus filer, dialer, and telecommunica- 
tions programs. All the programs can op- 
erate as background tasks and be called 
from other programs. ■ 



20 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 108 on Reader Service card. 



T R S C R O S 






The SECOND Generation of Disk/File Transfer Utilities 



is here from PowerSoft! 







TM 



TRSCROSS 

Copyright 1986 by Breeze/QSD, Inc. 
All rights reserved 

1 - Copy from TBS-80™ diskette 

2 - Copy to TRS-80™ diskette 

3 - Format TRS-80™ diskette 

4 - Purge TRS-80™ diskette 

5 - Display directory (PC or TRS-80™) 
6 -Exit 

Shown above is the Main Menu displayed when running TRSCROSS on your PC 
or compatible. 



TRSCROSS runs on your PC, 
yet reads your TRS-80 dis- 
kettes! Copy Hies in either di- 
rection! • Written completely 
in-house by our programmers 
and 100% supported by 
PowerSoft • 



TRSCROSS is as easy to use 
as It looks to be! The program 
is very straightforward, well 
thought out, and simple to operate. 
TRSCROSS has several "help" fea- 
tures built into the program to keep 
operation as easy as possible. Just 
pop in your TRS-80 disk to your PC 
and copy the files right to your PC 
data disk or hard disk. It couldn't 
be any faster or easierl Packed in 
the PowerSoft binder is a typeset 
instruction manual with Index. All 
steps are detailed. Advanced fea- 
tures, for those that desire to use 
them, include executing menu op- 
tions right from DOS or from a 
.BAT file or macro. This can really 
speed up transfers when similar op- 
erations are performed frequently. 



TRSCROSS allows you to 
"TAG" all files to be moved in 
ONE pass! 



INCLUDES BUILT-IN 
BASIC CONVERSION! 

Other features include converting 
BASIC programs or Super- 
script?" "Hies on-the-fly"l Forget 
about having to save your programs 
or files in ASCII first, or running a 
separate conversion program before 
transferring! TRSCROSS reads your 
tokenized BASIC program or Super- 
script file directly off your TRS-80 
disk and performs the conversion all 
in ONE pass while being transferred 
directly to your PC or compatible 



TRSCROSS will even 
FORMAT a 
TRS-80 disk 
right on your PC! 

computer I. (Does not cover PEEKs, 
POKEs, graphics, or machine lan- 
guage calls or subroutines.) 

(Handy for those who use both ma- 
chines!) Former TRS-80 users who 
no longer have their TRS-80, but 
still have diskettes with valuable 
data. . .this is exactly what you've 
been waiting for! Similar in concept 
to our SuperCROSS, but runs on 
the PC rather than the TRS-80. 



TRSCROSS will READ FROM and COPY TO the 
following TRS-80 double-density formats: 
TRSDOS 1.2/1.3, TRSDOS6.2*, LDOS5.1.4*, 
DOSPLUS3.5,NEWDOS/80*, &MultiDOS. 






DOS formats listed above flagged 
with * signify that earlier versions of 
these DOS's are readable as well, but 
one or more sectors may be skipped 
due to a format problem in that ver- 
sion of the DOS. One or more sectors 
may also be skipDed on NewDOS/80 
formats. (Disks that were formatted 
with SUPER UTILITY + or SU4/4P 
do not, and have never had this prob- 
lem.) TRSDOS 6.02.01, or higher 
should not have this problem. Disks 
formatted in any 80 track format, any 
single density or mixed density (Model 
I "boot" disks) are not supported. 
TRSCROSS requires: PC or compati- 
ble computer, 128K and a normal 
360KB (40 track drive) PC drive. 
Double-sided operation is fully sup- 
ported. If you have more than one 
disk drive, fixed drive, or RAM disk, 
operation will be much smoother. 
TANDY 1000 requires extra memory 
card because of tne required DMA 
chip that resides there. TANDY 3000 
is supported as long as you have a 
360KB drive to use for transferring, 
rather than the hi-density drive. 
TANDY 2000 is not supported at this 



D Yes! Send me TRSCROSS™ 



time due to a difference in disk con- 
troller and floppy drives. TANDY 
1200 is OK. "Special" data files like 
PROFILE + w would need to be con- 
verted to ASCII on a TRS-80 first be- 
fore they would be of any use on a PC 
or compatible. 

If you plan to retire your TRS-80, or 
use both machines, TRSCROSS is for 
youl TRSCROSS will allow access to 
your TRS-80 diskettes for years after 
your TRS-80 is gone! 



TRSCROSS is 
now shipping! 
Place your order 
TODAtf! 

only 

$89.95 

Available only 
iran loweroon 



_ . SOFTWARE r— I 

Free! catalog l_l 



Name: 



Address: 
City: — 
State: 



Chg. Card (circle one): 
Card it: 



.Zip: 



Expires:. 



Signature: 



17060 Dallas Pkwy., Suite 114 • Dallas. TX 75248 • (214) 733-4475 



All products shipped from stock within 24 working hours. 



Next to your Tandy or 




nothing beats a 



High-quality printers — at 
hard-to-beat prices! 

Now that you have the 
home or office computer you 
wanted, get the printer you 
need. A Tandy printer! 

Tandy printers are designed 
to give you exceptional print 
quality, graphics and high 
performance — all at afford- 
able prices. Your nearby Radio 
Shack Computer Center has a 
complete line of printers, from 
high-speed dot matrix to 
letter-quality daisy wheels. 
There's sure to be one that 
will suit your particular print- 
ing requirements — and 
budget — to a tee. 



Budget-priced high 
performer 

The DMP 105 (26-1276, 
$199.95) is the low-cost solu- 
tion for data-processing and 
general-purpose use. The 
DMP 105 features a bidirec- 
tional head that prints 80 
characters per line at 43 lines 
per minute (10 cpi). Elon- 
gated and condensed modes 
are also available. Prints up to 
80 characters per second. Par- 
allel and Color Computer- 
compatible serial interfaces. 

Triple-mode "personal 
printer" 

The low-cost, versatile 
DMP 130 (26-1280, $349.95) 



features word-processing and 
data-processing, as well as 
dot-addressable graphics 
modes. You can choose from 
four character styles: standard 
or italic cursive, in draft or 
correspondence modes. The 
DMP 130 supports super/ 
subscripts, double-width, 
bold, double-strike and micro- 
fonts. The bidirectional, logic- 
seeking print head prints 
original, plus two copies on 4" 
to 10" fanfold paper or single 
sheets. Prints up to 100 char- 
acters per second. Built-in 
tractor. Parallel and Color 
Computer-compatible serial 
interfaces. IBM® PC 
compatible. 



PC-compatible computer, 





Tandy printer. 



Low-cost business printer 

The DMP 430 (26-1277, 
$699.00) is a dot-matrix 
printer with an 18-wire print 
head that delivers superior 
correspondence fonts in a sin- 
gle pass. Prints 10, 12, or 16.7 
cpi, plus elongated, standard, 
elite and condensed. You can 
also get micro, italic and 
double-high fonts. Prints origi- 
nal, plus two copies at 180 
characters per second. IBM 
PC compatible. 

Power for business 

Get high speed and high 
performance with our finest 
printer, the DMP 2200 
(26-1279, $1695.00). Efficient, 



fast printing means no long 
and costly delays for reports. 
Supports elongated, double- 
high, bold, underline, super/ 
subscripts, italics and 
double-strike modes, plus bit- 
image graphics. Prints up to 
380 characters per second. 
Features a true pin-driven 
tractor — not sprocket. Prints 
original, plus up to six copies. 
Parallel interface only. IBM 
PC compatible. 

In Business . . . 
for Business 

For the best value and se- 
lection in printers, shop Radio 
Shack. We've got the right 
match for your machine! 



Radio /hack 

The Technology Store' 

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION 
Circle 75 on Reader Service card. 

Send me an RSC-17 Computer Catalog. 

Mail To: Radio Shack. Depl. 87-A-53 
300 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102 



Name . 



Company . 



Address , 



City _ 
Slate . 



ZIP. 



Phone _ 



■I 



■ HM 



Prices apply at Radio Shack Computer Centers and at participating 
stores and dealers. The 0MP 430 may require special order. 
IBM/Registered TM International Business Machines Corp. 



Circle 82 on Reader Service card. 



BUILD YOUR OWN IBM CLONE 

OR BUY ONE OF OURS COMPLETE FOR LESS THAN A TANDY 1000 AND GET REAL 

IBM COMPATIBILITY PLUS A ONE YEAR WARRANTY *8 SLOTS 

* ACCEPTS FULL SIZE CARDS (Not the puny Model 1000 type) 

'COMPLETE COMPATIBILITY *NO DMA FUNNY BUSINESS 



Start with our high quality steel case with a flip-top that makes chang- 
ing cards a snap. You won't void our warranty by opening the case. 
This is the foundation of your system. No cheap, flimsy plastic here. 
There are 8 slots and 7 of them accept both short and regular full 
length IBM add-on cards. You have room for up to 4 half-high drives. 
There is even a place for an additional fan. A speaker and all hardware 
are included. All you need is a Phillips screwdriver $ 89 



Now for the heart of your IBM clone: 
the Main Board. No cost has been 
spared in manufacturing this fully IBM 
compatible, 640K RAM (already in- 
stalled on the main board), 8 slot Clone 
of the IBM XT. The latest technology 
has been applied such as an 8087 
socket and DMA along with our ROM BIOS giving you compatibility 
that Tandy 1000 and 2000 owners dream about but will never 
have. The board fits the case perfectly. You merely plug in the 
power connector, hook up the speaker and install the rest of your 
peripherals $249 

The Mulli I/O card provides for 5 major functions— floppy 
disk drives (up to 4 DS/DD 360K drives); IBM parallel printer 
port; 2 serial (RS-232) ports, 1 populated, 2nd optional ($10); 
Game port; Battery backup clock/calendar. Includes clock 
software and internal disk drive cable $ 149 





Add our 135W (twice IBM's) power 
supply for all the power you are likely 
to ever need. It has outputs for the 
main board plus up to 4 disk drives. 
The IBM-style side switch mates with 
our case $ 99 





2X THE POWER 
OF AN IBM 



Mu ' ■ ■ ■ • i i ' i ■ i 



m 



Standard $ 89 






Deluxe $ 129 



Two video boards are available. The color graphics video card has 3 outputs; 
RGB TTL; composite color; composite monochrome, plus a light pen port 
and a connector for an RF modulator. Standard IBM resolution of 320 x 200 
four color graphics and 640 x 200 monochrome graphics $ 99 



Keyboards are one area where nobody copied IBM. Many feel the 
standard IBM keyboard leaves a lot to be desired. We have the 
most popular aftermarket keyboards. The 5150 and the 5151 are 
capacitive types with the feel professionals demand. Both models 
offer lighted NumLock and Caps keys and the deluxe model has 
lighted Power and Cursor Pad keys along with a Reset key and 
a separate cursor and numeric keypad. 



Want to go with a hard drive? How 
about a 20MB hall-high, low-power 
hard disk drive? Our complete kit 
includes the drive, cables, controller 
and software. It (its right inside your 
Clone and you can (orget the 
floppy. Boot directly from the hard 
disk Future expansion is assured 
as the controller accepts a second 
hard drive whenever you are 
ready S 489 



The standard floppy disk controller is also available. 
It controls 2 internal and 2 external floppys like the 
Multi I/O card. This card comes with the internal 2- 
drive cable $ 59 




f 




Hi-Res Monochrome 



$129 



Color Graphcs 



$99 



Our monochrome graphics display card is Hercules compatible with a 
720x348 TTL monochrome output. It runs Lotus 1-2-3 graphics and also 
has a parallel port $ 129 







In order to finally see what you are doing we offer 2 monochrome 
video displays. The TTL display is able to display the hi-res output 
(720 x 348) of the Hercules or compatible card. This 12" video display 

has a non-glare display. Green or amber $ 110 

The composite model is also able to display hi-res monochrome char- 
acters and graphics. Green or Amber with a 12" display $ 99 



IF YOU THINK 


THAT'S A GOOD DEAL 


. TRY THIS, 


WELL 


PUT IT TOGETHER FOR YOU 


AND GIVE YOU A DISCOUNT ON TOP OF EVERYTHING ELSE. 


SPECIAL #1 S 795 


SPECIAL #2 $ 888 


SPECIAL #3 $ 1299 


Sleel Flip-top Case 


Steel Flip-lop Case 


Steel Rip-top Case 


135W Power Supply 


I35W Power Supply 


135W Power Supply 


640K RAM Main Board 


640K RAM Main Board 




1 Hall-high 360K Floppy 


Multi I/O Card 


20MB Hard Drive 


Color Graphics Card 


1 Hall-high 360K Floppy 




Composile Monochrome Display 


Color Graphics Card 




St SO Standard Keyboard 


Composite Monochrome Display 


Composite Monochrome Display 


DOS 2 1 1 and BASIC 


SI SO Standard Keyboard 


Color Graphics Card 




DOS 2 1 1 and BASIC 


5150 Standard Keyboard 
DOS 2 1 1 and BASIC 



Clone EJJjJg] 



AE^CCCfn? 



TEL: 214-637-5400 TELEX: 882761 AEROCOMP FAX: 214-337^1981 
2544 West Commerce Street P.O. Box 223957 Dallas, Texas 75212 
Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. K 

14 day money-back guarantee il you are not satisfied lor any reason Musi be complete ^g 

and in original shipping carton with all documentation Shipping charges are not included ^^^ 

Add $70 for air delivery ($35 for ground) in the lower 48 

IBM is a trademark ol International Business Machines 

Tandy is a trademark of Tandy Corp. 

Lotus and 1-2-3 are trademarks of Lotus Development Corp. 

Hercules is a trademark of Hercules Computer Technology 

Clone is a trademark of Aerocomp 



CALL TOLL FREE 
WITH YOUR ORDER 

800-527-0347 USA 
800-442-1310 Texas 
214-339-5104 Info 



Cnnvrinht iQRfi hv Aftrocomo. All riahts reserved. 



READER FORUM 



Got a hot tip you'd like to 
share with our readers? 
Send it to Reader Forum, do 
80 Micro. 80 Pine St.. Peter- 
borough. NH 03458. We pay 
$10 for each tip we use. 
Sorry, but we cannot return 
or acknowledge Reader 
Forum submissions. 



Electric Webster 
Meets LeScript 

I've encountered several 
problems while using Electric 
Webster and its Grammar 
and Style Checker with the 
LeScript word processor. 
I have a Model 4 with TRS- 
DOS 6.x. 

My advice to avoid these 
problems follows: 

• Avoid file-name extensions 
such as L86.-1. Although 
TRSDOS 6.x allows this. 
Electric Webster looks for a 
drive other than 1 (6?) upon 
entering Electric Webster 
from LeScript. 

• Make sure you have free 
disk space at least equal to 
the length of the file to be 
checked before running Elec- 
tric Webster. 

• With the Grammar and 
Style Checker, use the JB 
rather than JL justification 
within the body of the text. 
The program is more likely to 
hang up if you use JL. 

• Don't ask the Grammar 
and Style Checker to change 
underlined words. It fre- 
quently writes garbage in 
place of altered underlined 
words. Leave underlining un- 
til after you pass the text 
through the Grammar and 
Style Checker. 

• When the Grammar and 
Style Checker asks if you 
want to make a backup or re- 
place a document file, make 
the backup. 

H.L. Smith 
Tasmania. Australia 



Loose-Leaf Listings 

I like to file my Basic pro- is acceptable with only slight 



gram listings in a loose-leaf 
notebook, but I had trouble 
finding a way to produce print- 
outs with blank spaces at the 
top and bottom of each page. 

To do this. I wrote List (the 
Program Listing). It reads any 
ASCII file, including Basic 
programs saved in ASCII for- 
mat, and prints exactly 50 
lines per page with a header 
and footer. The header shows 
the file name and date, and 
the footer shows the page 
number. The printing speed 



hesitations when the com- 
puter reads the disk. 

I use a lot of down-arrow 
keys in my programs to sep- 
arate blocks of code. Lines 3 
and 4 include this character. 
List looks for the down-arrow 
character and treats it as a 
carriage return. The program 
automatically breaks up lines 
longer than 80 characters 
into segments of 80 or fewer 
characters. 

Kenneth M. Frith 
Baton Rouge. LA 



Program Listing. List. 



'ASCII file listing program by Kenneth H. Frith 



DEFINT I - L 



1000 CLS 

1005 INPUT 'Enter program filename "; FILES 

1010 OPEN "I", 1, FILES 

1015 LPRINT "Program: " FILES SPC(63 - LEN(FILES)) D 

ATES 

1020 LPRINT STRINGS<80,"»") 

1025 LPRINT 

1030 IP IS - "" THEN LINE INPUT #1, IS 

1035 IF LEN(IS) < » 80 THEN J = LEN(IS) ELSE J - 80 

1040 K - 

1045 FOR 1-1 TO J 

1050 IF ASC(MIDS{lSrI f l)) - 10 THEN J - I:K - 1:G0T0 

1060 
1055 NEXT 

1060 JS - LEFTS(IS,J - K) 
1065 IS "RIGHTSdS, LEN(IS) -J) 
1070 L - L + 1 
1075 LPRINT JS 

1080 IF EOF(l) THEN FOR I - L+l TO 50: LPRINT: NEXT: GO 
TO 1090 

1085 IF L<50 THEN 1030 
1090 LPRINT 

1095 LPRINT STRINGS (80, "-") 
1100 PG ■- PG + 1 

1105 LPRINT SPC(36) "PAGE - " USING "##"; PG 
1110 LPRINT CHRS(12) 
1115 L=0 

1120 IF NOT EOF(l) THEN 1015 
1125 END 

End 



Vitamin £ Poke 

For 4 in III 

I have found a way to in- 
crease the Model 4's clock 
speed in HI mode. From Ba- 
sic, type POKE 16912.200. 
POKE 16912.16 returns op- 
eration to normal speed. 

This Poke works with all 
Basic and many assembly- 
language programs. Although, 
it boosts clock speed, it does not 
make disk operations faster. To 
be safe, slow down the clock be- 
fore disk I/O. 



Wayne Culbreth 
Little Rock. AR 




6.2 Tips 

Here are three items of in- 
terest to TRSDOS 6.2 users. 

You can change TRSDOS 
6.2 commands by loading 
SYS1/SYS.LSIDOS into a zap 
utility and changing the 
bytes of the old command to 
the new command. If the 
command falls short of six 
letters, fill the rest of the 
space with 20 hexadecimal or 
32 decimal. 

If you've used TRSDOS 1.3. 
you're probably accustomed 
to the Kill command. While 
TRSDOS 6.2 uses Remove in- 
stead. Logical Systems djd in- 
clude a Kill command. You 
can activate it by installing 
the following patch: 

PATCH SYS1/SYS.LSIDOS 
(X'2054' = "K") 

Once this patch is installed, 
you can use the Kill com- 
mand, and it will be listed by 
the LIB command. 

You can remove most of the 
TRSDOS 6.2 password check- 
ing by installing this patch: 

PATCH SYS2/SYS.LSIDOS (D02. 
33=18:F02.33 = 28) 



Jeff Schickel 
Malone. NY 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 25 



Circle 85 on Reader Service card. 






*& 



&l 



TRANSFER ANY MOD I/ffl/4 FILE 

CONVERT BASIC PROGRAMS 

for use on the 

IBM PC, XT, AT and TANDY PC's 



fnnvltnPr VI ft "Convert Mod I/m to PC P acka 8 e " $139.95 Includes Hypercross Mod I/III to TRANSFER any Mod 
V/UUVJlurv. T * aV I/III file or BASIC program to a PC/MS-DOS Diskette, and Cnv3toPC.BAS to CONVERT 95% or 

more of each transferred BASIC program to PC BASIC syntax. Mod I's need a "disk doubler" to run 

Hypercross. 

rnnvifnPP VI ft "Convert Mod 4 to PC Package." $139.95 Includes Hypercross Mod 4 to TRANSFER any Mod 4 file or 
^OnvllOr^ ▼ 1,V BASIC program to a PC/MS-DOS Diskette, and Cnv4toPC.BAS to CONVERT 95% or more of 
each transferred BASIC program to PC BASIC syntax. 

" '. . Conv3toPC has saved me months of work! ' ' 
* '. . Conv4toPC is the best conversion package I ever used. ' ' 



AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE through Radio Shack's Express Order Software 

Conv3toPC V2.0 Catalog #90-0345 Conv4toPC V1.0 Catalog #90-3100 



Important note: Every converted BASIC program will require some user 
editing (the 5% or less) before it will run on a PC. To facilitate such 
revisions, every keyword that may need manual attention is flagged and 
our user guides explain why and what needs to be done. For most pro- 
grams, a casual knowledge of BASIC is sufficient to make the changes. 
However, if a BASIC program contains machine language, it will be 
extremely difficult for the average user to handle some of the necessary 
manual revisions! 



Please feel free to call us if you have any questions or doubts about 
whether these packages are right for you. We will candidly answer all 
your questions and send you our free demo disk ($2.00 for S/H). Or, 
order either package; read through the entire user guide for complete 
details; then, if you decide it doesn't suit your needs, return it for a full 
refund— less a $10.00 restocking fee. Refunds will NOT be granted if 
the sealed bag containing the program diskettes has been opened! 



OTHER EMSI SOFTWARE 



PCXZ 1.0 Cross-Zap Utility lor PC/MS-DOS 
Now, from The Author that brought you Hypercross, HyperZap and SuperCrou comes 
an amazing new program for owners of Tandy 1000. 1200. 3000 and true PC compatibles. 
PC Cross-Zap allows you to read all double density TRS-80 type disks on your PC Not 
only that. PCXZ offers many of the features that TRS-80 owners have long enpyed with 
Hypercross and Hyperzap. 

PC Cross-Zap is a utility program that runs on your PC or PC-compatible. With it you 
can copy files to or from TRS-80 disks at will. You can also format a disk, copy disks, 
explore, read and write sector data, repair bad directories and much more Long after 
your TRS-80 is gone you will still be able to read your old disks Even when your TRS- 
80 disks are gone you can continue to use PCXZ to read, fix and modify MS-DOS and 
other disks so your investment will never be lost 



With PCXZ you can format a TRS-80 disk (not the mixed density Model I types). You can 
copy files from a TRS80 disk error free, without losing any data Just like HyperCross. 



Formats Supported Model I mixed density DOS* 3 4. DoubleDOS. LOOS (SOLE). 
MultiDOS. NEWDOS 80 V2. TRSDOS 2 7/8. Model l/lll Double Density DOS ♦ 3 5. LDOS 
5 1 Model III. DOS+ 3.4, MultiDOS. NewDOS 80. TRSDOS 13 Model 4/4P MultiDOS. 
DOS+ 4. TRSDOS 6 Max-80: LDOS 5 1 All formats also supported in double sided, 35. 
40 and 80 tracks were appropriate For 80 track formats you must have an 80 track drive 
on your PC. 

Systems Requirements PC.XT.AT or compatible. Tandy 1000 or 1000Ex (needs DMA), 
1000 SX, 1200, 3000 with at least one 40 track drive and 256K minimum memory. 
Get PCXZ— not half a program! $79.95 



Conv3toPC V2.0 (Complete) $ 1 39.95 

Cnv3toPC.BAS (No Hypercross) $99.95 

Conv4toPC V1.0 (Complete) $139.95 

Cnv4toPC.BAS (No Hypercross) $99.95 

HYPERCROSS MOD I/DJ $49.95 

HYPERCROSS MOD 4 $49.95 

CROSS REFERENCE $24.95 

For PC BASIC programs. Referenced variables, 
line #s, keywords. 

FASTSORT $24.95 

Machine language SORT callable from PC BA- 
SIC. Excellent replacement for Mod III CMD 
"O" command. 

PEEKs 'N POKES $39.95 

Utilities for PC BASIC programmers. Call for 
details, or see Oct. 86 review in 80 Micro. 



STAY-RES New!! $89.95 Demo $5.00 

Write your own memory resident pop up pro- 
grams (aia Side Kick) in PC-BASIC. Requires 
Quick Basic 1.1,2.0. 

INSIDE TRACK $59.95 

More utilities for PC BASIC programmers. Call 
for details, or see Oct. 86 review in 80 Micro. 
MACH2 NEW!! $69.95 

A tool chest of routines that do for PC BASIC 
what Rosenfelder's fantastic BASIC FASTER 
AND BETTER did for Mod III BASIC. 
QuickBASIC V2.0 $79.95 

Compile PC BASIC programs for speed and en- 
hanced functions. 

800-922-0786 

(N J residents 201-*79-5982) 



NORTON UTILITIES V3.1 $69.95 

Industry standard for directory & file recovery. 
Also, modify file attributes, search/sort direc- 
tories etc, etc. 

FRACTION CALCULATOR $24.95 

Solve mixed number arithmetic problems on your 
PC. Exact common fraction answers without dec- 
imals. Instruction mode great for children. 
LOGIC and DEDUCTION $24.95 

Full color Mastermind game for the PC to chal- 
lenge any age. Play 1-9 columns, 2-5 colors, di- 
rect or indirect hints. Have fun while improving 
your powers of deductive reasoning. Requires 
color monitor/adapter. 

Prices subject to change without notice. 



EDUCATIONAL MICRO SYSTEMS, INC. 

PO Box 471, Chester, New Jersey 07930 



EMSI direct order terms: VISA, Mastercard, MO, check or COD. Add $3.00 shipping/handling. Add $1 .90 for COD. 
Foreign or fust class, add first class postage (package wt. 2% lbs.). NJ residents add 6% sales tax. 



26 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



REVIEWS / edited by Jeffrey Frentzen 



Debugging the MS-DOS Way 



by Hardin Brothers 

• ••• 

Advanced Trace 8 6 runs 
on the Tandy 1000. 1200. or 
3000. Morgan Computing 
Co. Inc.. P.O. Box 112730. 
Carrolltown. TX 75011. 
214-245-4763. $175. 

• ••• 

Periscope runs on the 
Tandy 1000. 1200. or 3000. 
Data Base Decisions. 14 
Bonnie Lane. Atlanta. GA 
30328. 404-256-3860. 
$295. 

*••• 

X-View 86 runs on the 
Tandy 1000. 1200. or 3000. 
McGraw-Hill CCIG Soft- 
ware. 2600 10th St.. Berkeley. CA 
94710. 415-548-2805. $59.95 (plus $3 
postage and handling). 

Using MS-DOS Debug as a serious 
programming tool is like trying to 
understand a forest by studying bark pat-, 
terns. Debug has limited uses, such as 
patching programs according to a for- 
mula or creating and debugging very 
short utilities. For debugging medium- 
size or larger programs, it's inadequate. 

Debugging the MS-DOS Way 

A number of companies have pro- 
duced powerful debuggers. These can 
help you understand how assembly-lan- 
guage programs work, locate and fix 
bugs quickly, and forget the frustrations 
of Debug forever. I'll look at three such 
programs that run on most MS-DOS 
computers. Two require minor patching 
to run on the Tandy 1000 and overcome 
their manufacturers' insistence that 
they aren't compatible with the 1000 at 
all (see the sidebar. "Patching Debug- 
gers for the Tandy 1000"). 

Advanced Trace86 

I must admit a bias: I have used Ad- 
vanced Trace86 (AT86) for more than a 
year and it is one of my favorite program- 
ming tools, an invaluable aid during the 
development of several major programs. 
The best way to describe AT86 is to take 




you through a typical debugging ses- 
sion. Assume that you have written a 
program in assembly, assembled it with 
the Microsoft MASM assembler, and 
linked it using the /MAP option to create 
a list of public symbols and their pro- 
gram addresses. 

To start debugging, type AT86 from 
the DOS prompt. Register and command 
information, as well as some reminders 
about how to run the system, appear at 
the top of the screen display. If you've 
installed AT86 with color opUons. each 
area of the screen is displayed in a set of 
user-defined colors. 

The top four lines of the AT86 screen 
are always the same. The first two dis- 
play the current contents of the 8088 
registers (AT86 also works on computers 
using the 80286 processor and with 
math coprocessor chips). The program 
displays the registers in a logical order. 



The Star Ratings 

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For example, it is easy to see 
that the AX. BX. CX. and 
DX registers are a logical 
group and that DS and SI 
are often related, as are ES 
and DI; CS and IP: and SS. 
SP. and BP. The display 
shows the current status of 
each of the flag bits, includ- 
ing the direction flag settings 
(shown by an arrow) and 
whether maskable inter- 
rupts are enabled or disabled . 
If the current instruction at 
CS:IP directly accesses 
memory, a display shows 
the segment register and 
offset of the memory ad- 
dress, along with the con- 
tents (either a byte or word) 
of that location. 
The third line of the dis- 
play shows some of the currently avail- 
able commands. You can always get help 
with any command by typing its first let- 
ter followed by a question mark. AT86 
displays a list of all commands starting 
with that letter, and the syntax and a 
short description of each appear in a 
pop-up window. Another keystroke 
erases the help window and restores 
everything that was underneath it. 

The fourth line of the register display 
is a bar separating the window from the 
rest of the screen. AT86 does an amazing 
job of keeping its screens neat while dis- 
playing a great deal of information. At 
almost any time, tapping the @ key 
brings up a window with a full ASCII ta- 
ble, including all displayable characters 
from zero to 255. A second @ changes 
the display to an EBCDIC (extended bi- 
nary-coded decimal interchange code) 
table. Any other keystroke removes the 
ASCII table and restores the previous 
screen. 

You want to debug a program, so give 
AT86 the name of its map file and load 
the map file, name, and program. Key in 
command-line parameters that you 
would normally want the program to 
see. You could have done all this except 
loading the name and map file when you 
originally entered AT86 from the DOS 
prompt. You can also set the size of 
AT86's internal buffers from the DOS 
prompt if you like. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 27 



REVIEWS 



Once the map file and the program are 
in memory, you can ask AT86 for a com- 
plete list of labels or the address of any 
particular label. Perhaps you know that 
the program runs fine up to a label called 
CALC5. Tell AT86 to set a breakpoint 
there by typing BSCALC5. Typing BL 
displays a list of breakpoints. 

You can now type G. and AT86 runs 
your program; a message at the top of 
the screen alerts you when the program 
reaches the breakpoint. Perhaps your 
program has a table in memory that you 
want to examine or change before single- 
stepping through the CALC5 routine. If 
you type D DS:1000. for example. AT86 
uses the entire screen below the top four 
lines to display 336 bytes of memory (21 
lines of 16 bytes each), along with the 
ASCII representation of each byte. AT86 
can also display memory in word, dou- 
ble-word, or ASCII-only format. 

One of AT86's nicest features is that you 
can change any section of memory easily 
by moving the cursor to the byte you want 
to change, pressing control-O, and typing. 
You can enter changes either in hexadec- 
imal (hex) or ASCII form, and the pro- 
gram constantly updates the screen to 
show what changes you have made. You 
can also use any 2-byte word or 4-byte 
double word on the screen as a pointer 
to a new memory location and display 
that location with a single keystroke. 

Hitting the escape key takes you out of 
the display mode and back to command 
mode. Your program stops at a break- 
point, and you now want to trace through 
the CALC5 routine. Pressing "T" puts 
AT86 into trace mode. The top of the 
screen still shows the current contents 
of the registers. Below it is a display that 
looks much like the assembly source 
code you originally wrote, plus the ad- 
dress and actual bytes of each instruc- 
tion with labels attached to appropriate 
instructions. 

In other words. AT86 has disassembled 
the CALC5 routine for you, with the 
screen's right edge displaying the current 
stack contents. If your program uses the 
BP register as a frame pointer, the word to 
which BP points is highlighted. Press "T" 
again and the bottom two or more lines of 
the screen show an area of memory in 
byte and ASCII form. A cursor in that area 
blinks under the last changed byte, and 
you can set AT86 to toggle between dis- 
playing a set area of memory or keeping 
the display linked to the program. You 
always see the section of memory that 
the program is changing. 

Most important of all is the disassem- 
bly presented in the middle of the 
screen. The current instruction is high- 
lighted and. if it is a conditional jump, a 
small arrow shows whether or not the 
jump will be taken. By pressing the 



Patching Debuggers for the Tandy 1000 



Periscope and Advanced Trace86 
will not run on the Tandy 1000 with- 
out modification. Both fail because 
neither is configured for the 1000's 
memory-management scheme. 

The IBM PC and PC/XT use I/O 
port AO hex to enable and disable 
non-maskable interrupts. This is a 
write-only port that controls a hard- 
ware switch that determines whether 
non-maskable interrupts, which are 
normally generated during a mem- 
ory parity error, will reach the 8088 
CPU. If a byte is sent out of this port 
with bit 7 set, interrupts are turned 
on. If a byte is sent out of port AO hex 
with bit 7 reset, interrupts are turned 
off. Any value equal to or greater than 
80 hex turns on interrupts, and any 
lower value turns them off. 

The Tandy 1000 does not nor- 
mally use non-maskable interrupts, 
although it has the same hardware 
switch. Unlike the IBM PC (but like 
the PCjr), it uses 3 bits of port AO hex 
for memory management. If incor- 
rect values are sent to port AO hex on 
the 1000, the computer freezes up 
completely and you must reboot. 

Since both AT86 and Periscope 
send values to port AO hex, you must 
patch them to run on the 1000. The 
specific patches depend on the 
amount of memory installed in your 
1000. First, use the memory size 
shown when you boot up your com- 
puter; use the following table to find 
a hex digit you will use in the patch: 

Memory size Hex digit 

128K 

256K 2 

384K 4 

512K 6 

640K 8 

In each patch, find the current value 
the program is sending out and substi- 
tute the hex digit from the list above 
for the second digit of the current 
value. For example, if you find that the 
program is currently using a value of 
80 hex and you have 256K of memory, 
change that value to 82 hex. 

The actual location of the patches 
in AT86 and Periscope depends on 
which release version you have. The 
following procedures find the correct 
patch locations regardless of version 
number. Also, be sure to work with a 
copy of the original program. Don't 
change the original on disk. 

Advanced Trace86 

This program needs a patch to 
only 1 byte. The instructions in the 



program, and its disassembly, are: 

B8 80 30 MOV AX.3080 
E6 AO OUT AO.AL 

You need to change the zero in byte 
80 to match your memory size. 

Copy AT86.COM to NEW86.COM. 
Now follow this series of commands. 
What you type is underlined: 

A > DEBUG 

-NNEW86.COM 

■L 

•S CS: 100 7FFF B8 80 30 E6 AO 

nnnn: 12F 1 (offset might differ) 

-ECS:12F2 (add one to offset above) 

nnnn: 12F2 80.8x (use value from table for 

•x') 

;W 

Writing CD02 bytes (number might differ) 

To test this patch, type: 

NEW86 
BYE 

If you return to DOS successfully, you 
have installed the patch correctly. 

Periscope 
(Software-Only Version) 

Three locations in Periscope need 
to be patched. First, run the 
PSPATCH program. The instructions 
you are looking for are: 



BOOB 


MOV 


AL.OB 


E6A0 


OUT 


AO.AL 


BOOA 


MOV 


AL.OA 


E6A0 


OUT 


AO.AL 


BO 20 


MOV 


AL.20 


E6A0 


OUT 


AO.AL 



These three sets of instructions are 
near each other and seem to be Peri- 
scope's method of checking for or re- 
setting the slave controller on a PC/ 
AT, which is addressed through port 
AO hex. To make the patches: 

A > DEBUG 

-NPS.COM 

-L 

-SCS:100 7FFFE6A0 

nnnn:0C26 (offsets might differ) 

nnnn:0C32 

nnnn:0C38 

-ECS:0C25 (1 byte before first offset) 

nnnn:0C25 OB.Ox (use x digit from table) 

-ECS:0C31 ( 1 byte before second offset) 

nnnn:0C31 OA.Ox 

-E CS:0C37 ( 1 byte before third offset) 

nnnn:OC37 20.2x 

-W 

Writing AA6D bytes (value might differ) 

:S 

To test this patch, follow the tuto- 
rial in the manual. If you can load 
and trace Sample.COM without 
crashing the computer, you have 
been successful.! 



28 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



REVIEWS 



spacebar, you can execute the current 
instruction while watching the registers 
change. The highlighted bar then moves 
to the next instruction. 

AT86's disassembly and single-step 
trace are its best features. When you are 
in trace mode, individual keystrokes sin- 
gle-step through the program, run sub- 
routines at native speed or trace through 
them, skip the current instruction, exe- 
cute a single instruction (such as REP) at 
native speed, or take jumps that are nor- 
mally ignored. AT86 constantly updates 
the stack and memory displays to show 
what is happening in other parts of 
memory. 

You can also ask AT86 to reverse direc- 
tion and trace through a section of code 
again. In the process, AT86 resets regis- 
ters, the stack, and memory locations to 
their previous conditions. Finally, you 
can have AT86 run a continuous trace, 
executing program instructions and up- 
dating the display for you. A single key- 
stroke puts you back in control of the 
trace routine. 

If your program makes INT calls to 
DOS or the BIOS, you can tell AT86 to 
make those calls at normal machine 
speed or single-step through them. If you 
aren't sure how DOS is affecting your 
program, single-stepping through DOS 
can seem like trudging through a jungle. 

AT86 has many other capabilities as 
well. It has a full assembler on board so 
you can write a program while using 
AT86, save it to disk, and single-step 
through it without returning to DOS. 
The assemble-and-trace feature is most 
important if you want to test an algo- 
rithm or are just learning assembly. 
Also, if you are debugging a resident pro- 
gram or a device driver, you can write a 
small test routine with AT86's assem- 
bler and use it to single-step through the 
device driver. 

AT86 can disassemble starting at any 
address and can move forward or back- 
ward through memory. Disassemble a 
specific address and view the instruc- 
tions that come before and after that ad- 
dress. If labels are attached to the area of 
memory you are disassembling, they are 
included in the output. You can send the 
disassembled code to a disk file and later 
reassemble it. 

With AT86, you can define long lists of 
commands, read them from a disk file, 
and execute them with one or two key- 
strokes. A built-in calculator performs 
number-base conversions as well as stan- 
dard arithmetic operations and works 
with or without a math coprocessor. 

AT86 shows you a directory of the cur- 
rent disk or any directory or subdirec- 
tory in your system and can list a text or 
source-code file in a form that is much 
easier to use than the DOS Type com- 



mand. It can load, modify, and return to 
disk any COM or EXE program (you 
don't need to rename the EXE program 
as you must when using Debug). 

As with other debuggers, you can use 
AT86 to compare sections of memory, 
search for specific bytes, fill an area of 
memory, read and write files and abso- 
lute disk sectors, copy a portion of mem- 
ory to another location, and use the 
computer's input/output (I/O) ports. 
AT86's assembler lets you edit a pro- 
gram that you are debugging, delete a 
set of instructions, or (if you created 
a program with the assembler) insert 
instructions. 

AT86 has two other special features. 
Load AT86 as a memory-resident pro- 
gram, set a series of breakpoints, and re- 
turn to DOS. Whenever a breakpoint 
occurs or you press control-enter. AT86 
appears on the screen and you can ex- 
amine registers or trace through a sec- 
tion of a program. Also. AT86 has a trace 
mode that executes your assembly in- 
structions after every instruction in the 
program you are debugging. In trace 
mode, you can develop complex sets of 
conditional breakpoints. 

Configure AT86 to use any colors you 
choose in its windows and various dis- 
plays. As it debugs a program, it can 
write the program's video output to a 
separate page of screen memory without 
interfering with the trace screen. On 
some computers, you can put the trace 
information on one screen and the pro- 
gram's output on a second video moni- 
tor. Overall, this is an excellent program 
and well worth its price. 

Periscope 

Periscope is a debugging utility that 
comes in three versions: with a Subma- 
rine memory board, with a breakout 
switch, and as a software-only package. 
I tested the software-only and memory- 
board versions. As the memory board 
has yet to work correctly on the Tandy 
1000, most of my description focuses on 
the software-only version. 

The memory-board version of Peri- 
scope is by far the most powerful and the 
only alternative to an expensive trace 
and debugging system for some soft- 
ware projects. After you load it into 
memory on the board, the software is au- 
tomatically write-protected. You can 
then return to DOS, run whatever pro- 
grams you want, and forget about the 
debugger. However, when you press a 
button attached to the board, the debug- 
ging software takes over. Using it, you 
can escape from system lock-ups and 
crashes to determine what bugs caused 
the system to go down. 

If you purchase Periscope with just a 
breakout switch, it operates the same 



way but doesn't put the debugger into 
protected memory. Therefore, an error- 
riddled program could overwrite the 
Periscope software or DOS, making the 
debugger useless until you reboot the 
system. Periscope's software-only ver- 
sion can use the shift-print-screen keys 
to interrupt a running program and en- 
ter the debugger. 

Periscope's features parallel those of 
AT86, although its screen displays are 
cosmetically similar to those of DOS De- 
bug. Periscope can display up to four 
windows of information on screen at one 
time: data, stack, register, and disassem- 
bly information. Like AT86. Periscope 
can use a program's public symbols as 
part of a disassembly and as addresses 
for breakpoints or other commands, and 
it includes an assembler and disassem- 
bler as standard equipment. 

Two superb features of Periscope 
make it the debugger of choice in some 
situations. It has more options for set- 
ting breakpoints than any other debug- 
ger I know of. Besides setting break- 
points on absolute addresses, it can set 
a breakpoint if a byte or word is changed 
to or from a given value, if a specific ma- 
chine instruction is executed, if a soft- 
ware interrupt is used, or if a specific line 
of source code is executed. This assumes 
that you are using a high-level language 
that includes line-number information 
in its symbol table. Periscope can also set 
breakpoints if a specific area of memory 
is read, written, or executed; if one or a 
range of I/O ports is used; or if an 8- or 
16-bit register meets a given test. 

Periscope lets you write your own test 
in assembly and use it to determine 
whether a breakpoint should be taken 
after every instruction is executed. Al- 
though you can simulate each of Peri- 
scope's breakpoint options in AT86 with 
user-written code, it is difficult to com- 
bine them in as many different ways 
without a great deal of programming. 
These many breakpoint options alone 
make Periscope a valuable program- 
ming tool. 

Like AT86. Periscope displays memory 
in byte and ASCII. ASCII-only, and word 
or double-word formats, and it can link 
the memory display to the current in- 
structions being traced. It can also display 
memory in signed or unsigned integer for- 
mat, and in a special record format. 

Using a text editor, you can create a file 
that tells Periscope how blocks of record 
information are arranged in memory. 
For instance, you can define all the parts 
of the program statement prefix that 
DOS puts at the beginning of each pro- 
gram as it is loaded. Use that definition 
as a prototype for displaying a section of 
memory, and Periscope correctly labels 
each section of the display. Since many 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 29 



Circle 78 on Reader Service card. 




REVIEWS 



programs use complex record struc- 
tures, this feature saves you hours of 
byte-counting and trying to decipher ex- 
actly what information was stored. 

I like the Periscope software and use it 
often. However, if you do a lot of debug- 
ging. AT86*s screen displays are clearer 
and easier to use. 

X-Vicw 86 

AT86 and Periscope are excellent de- 
buggers for everything from device driv- 
ers to general-purpose programs. X- 
View 86 is. in many ways, a completely 
different kind of programming aid. 

X-View 86 runs as an extension of 
DOS Debug. If you use the version of De- 
bug supplied with PC-DOS 2.0. 2.1. 3.0. 
or 3.1. you can use X-View 86 as it is 
supplied on the disk. If you use the ver- 
sion of Debug included with PC-DOS 3.2 
or any version of MS-DOS Debug, you 
must patch X-View before it will work. 
The patching instructions are included 
in the X-View manual and a Basic pro- 
gram on the X-View disk helps, but the 
process is complicated because you 
must search Debug for addresses and 
values. Using AT86 to search through 
Debug hastens the patching process. 

X-View supports three kinds of break- 
points: absolute memory address of an 
instruction, memory reference by a pro- 
gram, or a user-initiated break when 
both shift keys are pressed simulta- 
neously. But its main job is what it does 
between breakpoints. 

More than anything else. X-View is a 
program profiler, running other pro- 
grams in an "interpretive" mode. This 
means that it reads, disassembles, and 
then executes each program instruction, 
also using the instruction to update one 
or more of its many tables in memory. 
When the program ends or reaches a 
breakpoint, a view of the tables details 
what your program has been doing. 

The first X-View 86 table displays the 
number of executed instructions, the 
number of RAM accesses and stack op- 
erations, how many INT calls you have 
made, and the number of times you have 
accessed an I/O port. It also shows the 
number of segment wraparounds (which 
should be zero), jump instructions, and 
conditional jump instructions that were 
taken or not taken. 

The second table analyzes program 
"hot spots." revealing which 64-byte 
program blocks were executed most 
often. X-View displays two tables: One 
shows the program's 15 most-used 
blocks, and the other shows the 15 most- 
recently used blocks. 

The third table lists all opcodes used 
in the program, a disassembly of each, 
and the frequency of use for each. How 
many times did your program execute a 



30 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



REVIEWS 



Circle 78 on Reader Service card. 



POP SI instrucUon? X-View tells you. X- 
Vlew's fourth table lists the memory 
blocks and shows how often the pro- 
gram read from or wrote to each one. 

A fifth table shows which I/O ports the 
program uses, whether It performed 
word or byte reads and writes to each, 
and the number of times each port was 
accessed. Another table Indicates which 
memory segments were used; whether 
each was a code. data, or stack segment; 
and whether the program read, wrote, or 
executed code in each segment. 

The last X-View table details the uses 
of INT calls in a program. When install- 
ing X-View 86. you decide which INT 
calls it should profile and those it should 
trace through completely. The table 
shows how many times a specific com- 
bination of INT calls and values in AH 
were used. 

X-View collects data as a program 
runs, not during disassembly. There- 
fore, it profiles those sections in a pro- 
gram that were actually run. It takes 
time to collect this information, so pro- 
grams run slower than normal with X- 
View 86. In fact. X-View occasionally 
sends a beep through the speaker just to 
let you know that it's still working. 

X-View has two main uses besides sat- 
isfying your curiosity. If you want to 
speed up a program. X-View 86 is invalu- 
able for unveiling those program sec- 
tions deserving the most attention. If 
your program spends most of its time in 
two or three hot spots, you should ex- 
amine the questionable code and smooth 
it out. Such fine-tuning can speed up its 
performance significantly. Second, you 
might want to check out how well a com- 
mercial program is performing, especially 
if you want to see whether it will run on 
another computer. For example. If you un- 
derstand how the Tandy 1000 differs 
from the IBM PC. X-View can profile a 
program on the PC and note any poten- 
tial conflicts with the Tandy system. 

You can enable or disable each X-View 
table separately. In most cases, you are 
unlikely to use all its tables. Under X- 
View, your program will run faster if you 
call up as few tables as possible. 

Conclusion 

All three debuggers are important to 
have if you write in assembly or a com- 
piled high-level language. The options, 
use of symbols, and flexibility of AT86 
and Periscope make them more powerful 
than Debug. X-View 86 can give you in- 
formation that is almost Impossible to 
gather by any other method, sometimes 
helping you locate bugs that would be 
difficult to isolate with other programs. 
The only real problem is deciding which 
of these tools you can afford and which 
you can afford to do without. ■ 



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80 Micro, February 1987 • 31 



REVIEWS 



Full Speed Ahead 

by Mark D. Goodwin 

• **• 

8 MHz Super Speed Up runs on the 
Model 4, 4P. or 4D. Seatronics, P.O. Box 
4607, 6202 ZA Maastricht. The Nether- 
lands. Distributed In the U.S. by Sylves- 
ter Technologies. 1 1803 Grant Road. 
Suite 203. Cypress. TX 77429. 713-251- 
5700. $129.99. 

*••* 

512K or 1MB Memory Board runs on 
the Model 4. 4P. or 4D. Seatronics, The 
Netherlands. Also available from Sylves- 
ter Technologies for $ 1 25 (5 1 2K) or $225 
(1MB). 

Many Model 4 owners bought the 
machine for faster speed and its 
ability to harbor an additional 64K RAM 
bank for printer spooling and a RAM- 
based disk drive (Memdisk). And al- 
though the Model 4's 4MHz clock speed 
and extra RAM were adequate at the 
time, these features pale in comparison 
to those of today's 16-bit computers. 
Recognizing that Model 4 owners might 
want faster clock speeds and more mem- 
ory, Seatronics has developed speed-up 
and memory-expansion boards that 
work like gangbusters. 

With the speed-up board installed, 
your Model 4 can clock in at speeds of 2. 
4, 5. or 8MHz. The memory-expansion 
board increases the Model 4's memory 
to either 512K or 1.024K (1 megabyte 
[MB]) of RAM. Although the Model 4 can 
use only 64K of RAM at a time, having a 
512K or 1MB RAM disk is very useful. 

Installation 

Installing the speed-up board in an 
original version of the Model 4 is simple. 
Take the Z80 chip out of the CPU board 
and insert the speed-up board in its 
place. After plugging in your computer's 
new brain, you must make a few modi- 
fications to the Model 4's timing circuits. 
You must cut pin 7 of U18. Next, move 
the wire from pin 6 of U18 to pin 13 of 
U18. Straighten out pin 6 of U58 by re- 
moving U58. bending the pin, and re- 
inserting the circuit. Next, run a wire 
from pin 6 to pin 8 of U22. A 64K Model 
4 requires a 100-ohm resistor between 
pins 9 and 12 of the U72 socket. 

You install the memory-expansion 
board by removing eight capacitors 
(C66, C70. C74, C78, C82, C86. C90, 
C94) and a resistor (R44), cutting the 
trace to pin 10 of U63, removing jumper 
Ell/12/13, connecting a jumper from 
the left side of R44's former location to 
pin El 2, and removing jumpers U72 and 
U71. Reinsert U71 in the expansion 



board, connect the expansion board's 
wires to the appropriate locations 
(brown to pin 1 1 of U55, red to pin 10 of 
U63. orange to pin 4 of U60, yellow to 
pin 7 of U50. green to pin 1 of U76. blue 
to E12, and white to pin 5 of U51); then 
insert the expansion board into the sock- 
ets vacated by U7 1 and U72. At this 
point, check to see whether your com- 
puter still functions as a 64K RAM com- 
puter. If everything is okay, you com- 
plete the upgrade to 512K by removing 
the 64K RAM chips (U77-U84). connect- 
ing a 22-fiF tantalum capacitor in paral- 
lel to C97. and Inserting the 256K RAM 
chips in positions U77 to U92. The Model 
4 should now have 5 1 2K of RAM available. 
If you invest in Seatronics' 1MB ex- 
pansion board, you must piggyback an 
additional 16 RAM chips to those 
mounted on the new expansion board. 
To do this, remove one of the installed 
chips, gently bend pin 15 on one of the 
new chips, and place this new chip on 
top of the other. Solder the remaining 15 
pins of the new chip to the correspond- 
ing pins on the other chip, and insert the 
piggybacked chips into their socket. Re- 
peat this procedure for all 16 new RAM 
chips. Next, solder the expansion board's 
violet lead to pin 15 of each chip in the left 
RAM row; solder the gray lead to pin 15 of 
each chip in the right RAM row. 

Ramdisk 

Both Seatronics boards are software 
controlled. A program called Ramdisk, 
which is similar to the TRSDOS 6.x 
Memdisk utility, controls the memory- 
expansion board. TRSDOS 6.x can use 
the first 64K RAM bank of the expansion 
board as if it were using an upper 64K 
RAM bank in a 128K machine. 

Unfortunately, the accompanying 
manuals leave a lot to be desired. The 
speed-up manual details installation and 
control of the board by setting port 236 
and provides programs to set the com- 
puter's clock speed. The memory- 
expansion manual presents installation 
instructions and a reference section for 
the Ramdisk program. The biggest short- 
coming of either manual is the lack of 
machine-language programming infor- 
mation. Ramdisk works well, but the ex- 
panded memory has more uses than as 
a RAM-based disk drive. Although the 
manuals are lacking, the installation in- 
structions are clear and concise. 

Without a full understanding of Ram- 
disk's installation procedure, you might 
find correct operation difficult to 
achieve. An easier-to-use version of 
Ramdisk is in order. Even though the 
software and manuals deserve only 
passing marks, the boards receive high 
honors for easy setup and high quality 
of workmanship. ■ 



Three Easy Pieces 

by Harry Bee 

• •* 

The Personal Choice Collection runs 
on the Model 1000 or 1200 (128K) and 
requires one disk drive. Activision/Per- 
sonal Choice Software. P.O. Box 7287. 
Mountain View. CA 94039. 415-940- 
6044. $1 19.95 for the set. 

Boxed like a C.S. Lewis paperback 
set. the Personal Choice Collection 
comprises Writer's Choice, a word pro- 
cessor; Filer's Choice, a filing system; 
and Planner's Choice, a spreadsheet. As 
a collection, they share some common 
features but also act as stand-alone ap- 
plications that are packaged, docu- 
mented, and available separately at 
$49.95 each. The first shared trait is 
their appearance, which strongly sug- 
gests easy, novice-class software. If that 
makes you pass them up because you're 
looking for more advanced functions, 
you'll be missing something. 

The manuals are consistently clear, 
complete, and well organized, in spite of 
more typos than decent editing should 
allow. Each package comes with a Quick 
Reference Command Summary and func- 
tion-specific help screens; a toll-free help 
line is available seven days a week. Also, 
where possible, the programs use func- 
tion keys and a menu command struc- 
ture. Not every common feature is a 
benefit, however. The fact that this soft- 
ware is copy-protected defeats much of 
the reason for owning the collection. You 
can't combine programs on a single disk 
or in a RAM disk, and Activision does not 
supply procedures to install them on a 
hard drive. No matter what system you 
use. you have to do a lot of disk swapping. 
To add insult to injury, you're allowed to 
purchase only one back-up copy of each 
program at an outrageous $15 per disk. 
Finally, all three programs are shaky at 
the printer interface. So much for my 
complaints. 

Writer's Choice 

What can you say about an editing 
screen full of dots? It looks like a dime- 
store text editor. Yet behind that facade 
hides a surprisingly complete arsenal of 
word-processing weapons. 

To begin with, you get very good cur- 
sor control, which is handy for marking 
blocks of text to copy, move, or delete. 
The block delete has no protection, but 
an undo feature lets you restore acciden- 
tally removed text. Writer's Choice also 
gives you global search-and-replace op- 
erations. The only fault I found with the 
editing function was that, for a RAM- 
based editor. Writer's Choice scrolls text 
at a snail's pace. 



32 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Upgrading to 
MS-DOS? 



LET'S 



SERIOUS. 



The comput, 
with a ] 

funny nam 



THE CLONE™ 

Frankly, this is the best computer value in America. Better than IBM Better 
than Tandy. Complete MS-DOS™ compatibility. . .lightning fast processing. . tons 
of RAM. This machine has everything the Boys in Blue promise, and more. All 
at a price you can afford. 

WE DIDN'T NAME IT 'CLONE" FOR NOTHING. 

What we have here is a computer that is truly IBM PC/XT compatible. The 
Clone computer is completely MS-DOS compatible and it has all the hardware 
capability of the IBM PC/XT (except cassette) plus some and comes with 
MS-DOS 3.2 (the latest version). GW-BASIC and reference manuals 
(manuals are extra cost on the Tandy 1000!). With the Clone you 
get eight IBM compatible expansion slots, seven of them a full 13" 
long. You have six additional slots available; something a Tandy 
1000 owner can only dream about. 

IBM COMPATIBLE? YOU BET. 

Flight Simulator, one of the classic tests of compatibility, runs 
perfectly. Lotus 1-2-3* can't tell it's not running on an IBM. In 
fact, we have not discovered an off-the-shelf MS-DOS software 
package that wouldn't run properly on the Clone. The ability , 

to run standard, off-the-shelf, software is important because 
it allows you to obtain software from any number 
of sources. A 



q 




£§ SAMSUNG 



STANDARD FEATURES: 

The Clone computer comes complete, ready to run. 
with lots of standard features. Like the maximum 640K 
of system memory installed. Like an IBM standard par- 
allel printer port, a clock/calendar with automatic bat- 
tery backup, a speaker, two serial ports (one 
populated), a game adapter/joystick port, a light pen 
port, a 2-drive floppy disk controller, and the newest 
AT style keyboard. The video output is IBM standard 
color graphics with a special port that allows you to 
view color software on a monochrome monitor as 
well as 80 x 25 text. A 360K ultra-reliable floppy 
drive is included with space for three additional half- 
height floppy or hard disk drives. The 135 Watt 
power supply runs cool and assures you of ade- 
quate power for future expansion. 

PC-DeskMates. a powerful multi-function memory 
resident utility, is included so you can start using the 
Clone when you receive it. You get an alarm, clock, 
calculator, calendar, notepad, phone dialer, type- 
writer, and access to DOS level commands. The 
Clone also comes with Qmodem. the famous modem 
program which enables you to access the world of 
telecommunications. PC-Write, probably the best 
shareware word processor available, is also fur- 
nished. Your Clone comes ready to work for you. 

WHAT'S MISSING? 
The Big Blue price tag. 






Illllllllllllllllllllllllll 



C"foiu- |L-?i'i l Ci 




F ■» * V., r\ 'V 

7' T T T T T" T' T' 
/ i i r i i i 

1 1 1 1 1 I I 
I f I F I 1 



us users only 



OPTIONAL FEATURES: 

The Turbo Clone is equipped to run at the standard 4.77mHz clock rate or at a 
blazing 8mHz. That's almost 70% faster processing than a standard IBM. Front 
panel lights indicate Turbo operation, power status and hard disk activity. A key- 
lock switch allows the keyboard to be electrically "locked out" (or unattended 
security. Imagine a lengthy Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet recalculation with an 8mHz 
processorl It's awesome. 

HOW TO BUY A COMPUTER WITHOUT LEAVING YOUR CHAIR. 

Zero effort required. Just pick up your phone and call us toll-free. 




I- i~ \~ I 



1 I 111 U 

i i i i i i 4 1 : 

111! 



" ' i w 




Clone equipped with all standard features. 
(Keyboard and monitor included) $699 



Your American Express, MasterCard and Visa are 
welcome at no extra charge as well as your check, 
money order, or COD order. Your Clone ships right 
away. In just a few days the UPS man delivers it to 
your door. 

Too long to wait? Ask for our Expedited Service. 
Our distribution experts will get you a Clone OVER- 
NIGHT, almost anywhere. (Some restrictions apply). 

A WORD OF EXPLANATION. 

We sell Clones exclusively by mail. And there's a 
good reason why. Supporting the expensive overhead 
of a chain of retail stores is not our idea of keeping 
costs down. You're buying the Clone computer at 
wholesale prices, directly from the manufacturer. 
Your Clone comes with an ironclad guarantee that 
exceeds most other manufacturers'. We guarantee 
your satisfaction or we'll refund your purchase 
price within thirty days, no questions asked. Our 
guarantee is backed by a reputation earned in 
years of experience in the mail order business. 
Think about it. Repeat orders come from satis- 
fied customers. This makes us work very hard 
to get it right the first time. 



Optional TURBO Clone. $799 



Circle 302 on Reader Service card. 



US VS. THEM 



FEATURES 

Microprocessor: Intel 8088 



4.77mHz 



Power Supply Rating 

IBM Standard Bus: 

Operating System: 

Disk BASIC: 

MS-DOS and BASIC Ref. manuals: 

Standard System RAM: 

Cost to Expand RAM: 

Keyboard: 

Video Monitor: (composite) 

Video Outputs: 

Disk Drive Capacity: 

Max Number of Internal Drives: 

Internal Expansion Slots: 

Accepts Standard IBM Cards: 

8087 Math Co-Processor Option: 

Sturdy Steel Case: 

Standard Parallel Ports: 

Standard Joystick and Light Pen Ports: 

Standard Serial Ports: 

Warranty 

Clock/Calendar 



CLONE 

YES 

8mHz Optional 

150 WATT 

YES 

MS-DOS 3.2 

YES 

YES 

640K 

-0- 

'AT STYLE 

INCLUDED 

BW/NTSC/RGB 

1-360K 

4 

8 

YES 

YES 

YES 

1 

YES 

2 (1 Optional) 

1 YEAR 

YES 



IBM PC/XT 

YES 

NO 

63.5 WATT 

YES 

EXTRA 

IN ROM 

EXTRA 

256K 

$$ 

STD 

EXTRA 

EXTRA 

1-360K 

4 

5 

YES 

YES 

YES 



NO 



90 DAYS 

NO 



TANDY 1000 
EX (SX) 

YES 

7.16mHz STD 

54 WATT 

NO 

MS-DOS 2.11 

YES 

EXTRA 

256K (384K) 

$259 ($129) 

NON-STD 

EXTRA 

NTSC, RGB 

1-360K (2-360K) 

1 (2) 

1 (5) 

NO (10" Only) 

NO (YES) 

PLASTIC 

1 

J (J/LP) 



90 DAYS 

NO 



LEADING EDGE 
Model D 

YES 
NO 

130 WATT 
YES 
(3.2) MS-DOS 3.1 
YES 
YES 
51 2K 
$ 

STD 

INCLUDED 
B/W, RGB 
2-360K 
2 
4 

YES 
YES 

PLASTIC 
1 

NO 
1 

15 MONTHS 
YES 



Cost Ready-to-Run $699 

8mHz Option $799 

Add $35 for ground delivery; $70 for air. 

IBM XT cott flgurei ■: Video Display Adapter J 250; Video Display S375; IBM XT computer 
$2,145; Additional Ports, serial port, game port, parallel port. 640K RAM $308; DOS 3.2 and 
BASIC MS; Total $3,083. Does not Include the battery back-up clock calendar. No light pen 
port. 

'The above prices are list prices ea beet we could determine. Both the IBM end Tandy are 

available at a discount. 



$3,063 



$1,398+ ($1,683 + ) $1,295 



Tsndy tOOO coat figures': DOS 2.11 and BASIC reference manuala $29 . ; Memory Plua Ex- 
pansion Board (to 384K) $129 • ; 2S6K Additional RAM II 29 . ; One serial Port $79 • ; Battery 
Back-up Clock Calendar $99 • : Composite Monochrome Monitor $129 . ; Model 1000 EX Com- 
puter $799; Model 1000 SX Computer $1199: We were not able to equip the Tandy 1000 to 
directly compare with the Clone because of the 1000's Inherent design limitations. 



CLONE OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT AND FEATURES 



2nd 360K TEAC Half-height Floppy Drive $99 

20mb 65ms Seagate Internal HD 399 

30mb 40ms Seagate Internal HD 699 

80286 SpeedKit. Makes XT taster than AT 399 

300-1200 Internal Modem & Software 149 



HiRes RGB Color Monitor 640 x 200 $299 

HiRes Mono Graphics Card 720 x 348 129 

HiRes Mono Monitor 720 x 348 1 10 

5339 Accounting Keyboard 89 

300 Watt Uninterruptable Power Supply 299 



Simply, if anything is wrong with your Clone or any of its peripherals, we'll fix it free for up to one 
year after you've received your Clone. You have probably read other manufacturers' warranties, and 
gotten confused, suspicious or even mad. You're probably skeptical about anything as simple and 
straightforward as our warranty. So here's the fine print. 

You can void your warranty by failing to exercise normal care when hooking up or operating your 
Clone. Or trashing the guts with a hammer. Or running it over with something. Or burning it up. 

You have thirty days after receipt of your Clone to see if you and it are going to be compatible. If 
you are not satisfied with your Clone for any reason within that time you may return it to us for a full 
refund, less shipping charges. Just don't write in the manuals or lose anything that was in the original 
container as it all has to be intact. 

The other guys only give a 90 day guarantee. Ever wonder why? Ever try to get a refund? Complete 
warranty details are available on request. 



NO ORPHANED CUSTOMERS 

We have been supplying serious customers with high quality hardware and software since 1980. Sound engineering, 
high performance, quality construction, outstanding warranties and a reputation for doing the right thing have been our 
way of doing business since Day One. As the manufacturer of Clone computers, we stand behind each computer sold 
with a 100% commitment to our customers' satisfaction. Price, Performance, Value. . .Clone is the clear choice for serious 
computer users. To order, call us today. REMEMBER. . .YOUR BEST FRIEND MAY BE A CLONE! 

Clone Computers; 2544 W. Commerce St; Dallas, Texas 75212; 214-637-5400; Telex 882761; FAX 214-634-8303; 



800-527-3582 U.S.A ru^^ WfTSHSf 

flnn-44 ? -iain tp«« Clone EELfl 



IBM Oy Oon» Ow*> 'BM « ■ rag*.**) i»*d*m*A o' i/**m*wn*l Bus**** M*cf»n** MSOOS « * tradtmajk ol Moo*o*I PCO**aM«** « 
i i'exJ<K-is'«. ot Ax*rn«t*« D*ciion Soft**/* O^odam .j • usd*m4v* c.< tn* Feb* Prof*c) PC-Wrt* « a u*d«m*fii of Ou-tUoft Lotus 1-2-3 <s 
oius D*v*topm«nt Ccp Pnc«* and *c*e '«■«" v* sub-*ci lo Chang* <*«houi note* VAvranry d*ta*s *r* avattetfji* upon f*Qu**t 



1-800-527-0347 1-800-527-3582 



Prepare to attack your toughest programming problems with 80 Micro's NUCLEAR SUBROUTINES! 



Battle Stations! 
Battle Stations! 

A sure-fire arsenal of more than 50 specially selected subroutines designed 
to help you— pro or beginner— write better Basic programs for the 
Models I, III and 4! 



Bring your periscope up and focus on NUCLEAR SUBROUTINES, a 
hot, new collection of the best Model I, III and 4 subroutines ever pub- 
lished in 80 Micro, many never before published on disk! 

From scrolling to graphics,. . .screen handling to sorting, you'll write 
the smoothest running programs ever, REGARDLESS OF YOUR 
LEVEL OF SKILL! Here on this atomic-powered "flippy" disk are liter- 
ally dozens of the neatest subroutines in every size and shape. Some 
are in Basic, ready for merging with your own programs. Others are in 
machine language, to be loaded from DOS and called by Basic. Either 
way, your Basic programs will never be the same again! 

Model I & III programs are on one side, and Model 4 programs on 
the other. Documentation is right on the disk. Just boot up NUCLEAR 
SUBROUTINES, and you're set for unparalleled programming power! 
Space is too tight to list them all, but here's a sampling of what awaits 
you on this once-in-a-lifetime disk, divided into six major categories: 



MATHEMATICS 



Double Precision — Make your Basic programs more accurate with rou- 
tines that calculate values with up to 16 significant digits. 
Calculator — A two line calculator that gives you the four basic math op- 
erations in double precision and exponentiation in single precision. 
Random Number Generato r— Enter fractions as input, which are con- 
verted to decimal values for computation, and output as fractions. 

AND MORE 



YES! I want to get 80 Micro's NUCLEAR SUBROUTINES 
working on my Model I, III and Model 4 programming proj- 
ects! Please send my disk at $21 .45 for more than 50 subrou- 
tines, specially selected by the programming pros at 80 Micro! 

□ Paymenfenclosed D AMEX □ visa □ MC 



Card# 



Exp. Date 



Signature 



Name (print) 



Address 



City State Zip 

Mail to: LOAD 80 • Elm St. • Peterborough, NH 03458 



Indudes postage & handkng Fbregn armai add Si 90 per (em 

Models I. in. and 4 are regsered trademarks of Rado Snack, a dvson of Tandy Corp 



2-87NS 



SCROLL 



Horizontal Scroll — Scrolls messages horizontally across the screen. 
Window Scroll — Reserves a block portion of the screen (the window) in 
which information can be viewed, moving new information into the win- 
dow and shuffling the old out. ^^ 



SCREEN 



Screen Border — Draw a border around your screen. 
Screen Locator — Use PEEKs and POKEs to locate screen positions 
when speed is a necessity. 

Screen PRINT — Use the arrow keys to move a nondestructive cursor 
while each PRINT location is displayed. 

Screen Dump — Model l/lll graphics screen dump program for an Epson 
MX-80 with Graftrax Plus or an RX-80. 

Screen Fill — Fill the screen in assorted ways to create the effect you de- 
sire. 

Screen Save and Restore — Save and restore the screen contents when- 
ever you wish. 
Screen Invert — Reverse the content of your Model I or III screen. 

AND MORE. . . 



SORTS 



VlsiCalc Sort — Sort alpha or numeric data in ascending order, and nu- 
meric data in descending order. 

Model 4 Sort — A lightening-fast string sort for Mode) 4 Basic that has the 
feature of Model III Basic's CMD "O". 

PLUS MANY MORE 



GRAPHICS 



Upgraded Graphics — Add the Point, Set and Reset commands to 
Model 4 Basic. 

Better Graphics — Run Model l/lll Basic graphics up to eight times faster 
than normal using the LSET and RSET commands. 

AND MANY OTHERS!... 



GENERAL USE 



Input Routine — A user input routine. 

Menu Routine — Add some life to your menus with this routine. 

Paint Routine — Draw any shape on your Mode) I or III screen and fill it in 

with a touch of the space bar. 

Sound — Enhanced sound for the Model 4. 

Vvbrd Processor — A two line word processor. 

PLUS MORE, MORE, MORE 



Complete the coupon or card and mail today. 

Or, for immediate service, CALL TOLL FREE 140025*5473 

(in NH, dial 1-924-9471) and charge it to your credit card! 



Circle 261 on Reader Service card. 



ACTUAL SIZE. 



REVIEWS 




ACTUAL PRICE. 



Introducing The Turner Hall™ Card. 
The lowest priced complete 256K memory 
expansion board you can buy. 

We made it so inexpensive by using 
the very latest 256K RAM chips instead ol 
four times as many 64K chips. 

That same technology makes the Card 
lit in a hall-length PC/X 7™ slot. And the 
reduced chip count increases reliability, so 
we can offer a 30-day money-back guarantee 
and 1-year warranty. 

The Card comes with a clock/calendar 
with replaceable battery backup, illustrated 
Owner's Manual, and software including 
clock, print spooler, and disk emulator. 

That's everything the most popular 



multifunction boards have. Except a couple 
of extra ports and a lot of extra cost. 

IBM 9 or Compaq 9 owners will lind the 
Card remarkably easy to install. And if 
you have any questions after you buy, call 
our Help Hotline. 

The Turner Hall Card is iust S99. 95.* 
plus $2.00 shipping ($12.00 outside 
of U.S.A.). 

Order by phone. We accept MasterCard 
or Visa. Or send us a check or money order 
with your business card attached. 

Turner Hall Publishing 

10201 Torre Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014 



1-800-556-1234x526. 

(In CA 800-441-2345 x526). 

•CA residents add 7% sales lax ($700) Requires IBM PC. PC/X l Portable PC. or Compaq with at least 256K or 
memory. Turner Hall is a trademark ol Turner Hall Publishing. IBM is a registered trademark, and PC/X T is a trade- 
mark ol International Business Machines Corp. Compaq is a registered trademark ol Compaq Computer Corp. 

38 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Due to this text-editor approach, you 
must embed formatting commands in 
your document. This makes on-screen 
reading and editing difficult. The com- 
mands give you extensive control over 
how your document will look on paper, 
including options for tabs, boldface, un- 
derlining, centering, widow-line protec- 
tion, forced pagination, and automatic 
page numbering. To overcome the lack 
of on-screen formatting, a graphic pre- 
view feature shows you a page-by-page 
mock-up of your printed document. 

Most of the formatting functions work 
well, even though Writer's Choice 
doesn't have printer-specific drivers. 
Where the generic approach breaks 
down is in boldface and underlining. If 
your printer doesn't respond to the 
method the program uses, the alterna- 
tive—embedding escape sequences in 
the text— is difficult, is not covered in the 
documentation, and won't overcome 
every problem situation. 

Writer's Choice comes with a spelling 
checker, Spell-Right, that promises 
some nice features but is slow. And it 
accepted as correct such oddities as 
"wher." "myn," and "cou7rse." to cite a 
few. When run on a Tandy 1000. it oc- 
casionally destroyed the file I was work- 
ing on. as well as every other file on the 
disk. I was unable to duplicate the havoc 
on a Tandy 1200 or an IBM PC. 

Filer's Choice 

By any standard. Filer's Choice is a 
powerful filing system, able to hold rec- 
ords as long as four pages (about 8K) 
with fields of up to 513 characters. Set- 
ting up a file is easy: you use a screen 
editor to design an entry form. You don't 
have to specify field lengths in advance; 
limit them by the amount of space you 
leave in the form. You can predefine the 
type of entry a field will accept and. even 
after you've started building a data base, 
you can alter the entry form, change the 
de facto field sizes, alter field types, or 
add more fields. Several features make 
data entry just as easy. 

You can search a file in general or spec- 
ify separate search criteria for each field. 
Search criteria can contain wild cards. 
While browsing through a file, you can 
edit, delete, or print records. Use the same 
search criteria to select records included 
In reports, and you can sort reports on up 
to nine fields. As you spread the fields of a 
single record over several lines, the pro- 
gram lets you include calculated fields 
and totaled and averaged columns. 

Filer's Choice's documentation Is the 
least satisfactory of the three. In addition 
to the kind of misprints found elsewhere 
In the collection. It has several omissions 
and outright errors. Filer's Choice is also 
tough to view on a monochrome monitor 



REVIEWS 



and hung up a couple of times after I se- 
lected a Ionger-than-normal field to sort. 
Although it prints reports without any 
trouble, it consistently printed individ- 
ual records in double-spaced format 
while in browse mode. 

Planner's Choice 

It amazes me to write that I enjoyed 
Planner's Choice. As one who doesn't 
use spreadsheets often. I particularly 
liked its use of menu trees to lead me 
through most general functions such as 
copying, moving, formatting, sorting, 
and printing. 

At first glance. Planner's Choice 
seems short on functions. Gone are com- 
mon fare like cosine and arctangent, 
guaranteed to horrify anyone involved in 
financial planning or statistical analysis. 
More useful are the two look-up func- 
tions, a conditional function with a full 
set of logical operators, and three loan- 
calculation functions. 

Moving around the 64- by 255-cell ma- 
trix is easy with one exception: As with 
Writer's Choice, the scrolling is deadly 
slow. You can split the screen horizon- 
tally or vertically into independent or 
synchronized windows. You can lock col- 
umn or row headers to remain visible as 
you move around, and sorting by row or 
column works well unless you want to 
sort a group of cells calculated by for- 
mula. I tried that and wound up with a 
hopelessly jumbled mess. 

Of the three programs, Planner's 
Choice has the best printer interface, 
with a set-up screen that lets you cus- 
tomize the program to work with what- 
ever printer you have. You can send all 
or any part of a spreadsheet to either 
printer or disk file and extract lists of 
formulas or notes. When I tried to print 
these lists, however. Planner's Choice 
sent line feeds without carriage returns 
even though other print functions worked 
correctly. The result was a diagonal ar- 
rangement, pretty but impossible to read. 

Conclusion 

For all but professional use, I recom- 
mend any of these programs, with the 
emphatic exception of the spelling 
checker. Each one contains enough fea- 
tures to be a bargain at $50. If you have 
a color monitor and one of the printers 
certified and tested with the programs 
(listed in each manual), many of the 
problems I noted disappear. 

All the programs I tested were version 
1.0. and the manufacturer is aware of 
their shortcomings. If the few nagging 
bugs are corrected in subsequent re- 
leases and if the programs are made 
more compatible with a wider range of 
hardware configurations, this trio will be 
hard to beat in its class. ■ 



Beyond 

The Basic Limit 

by David Engelhardt 

• *• 

Mach 2 runs on the Tandy 1000, 1200, 
or 3000 (128K) and requires one disk 
drive and an 80-column monitor. Micro- 
help Inc., 2220 Carlyle Drive. Marietta. 
GA 30062. 404-973-9272. $75. 

One way to improve your Basic pro- 
gramming is to first improve Basic. 
Mach 2 is one means to do just that. It is a 
collection of utilities and subroutines that 
works with either Microsoft's GW-Basic or 
IBM's Basic/Basica. Mach 2 can speed up 
and add features to Basic, and it allows 
Basic to go beyond the 64K limit when 
using string and numeric data. 

Mach 2 enhances Basic by linking cer- 
tain assembly-language routines to your 
Basic programs and by performing 
equivalent Basic functions faster. These 
routines are normally available only in 
dedicated assembly programs. Mach 2 
supports sorting large amounts of data 
at assembly speeds (although I could not 
get this feature to work), along with stor- 
ing large numeric arrays outside of Ba- 
sic's data area. 

What It Can Do 

Mach 2 consists of four disks contain- 
ing the source code for either compiled 
or interpreted programs, object mod- 
ules, and a program disk. The latter con- 
tains demo programs that provide in- 
sight into what Mach 2 can do. I found 
the source code for the Basic demo pro- 
grams helpful as a reference guide. 

Mach 2 speeds Basic functions such as 
data handling, string manipulation, and 
file input/output. It has an extensive 
window-manager feature, allowing you 
to save an unlimited number of windows 
and restore them anywhere on the 
screen. You can also draw single- or dou- 
ble-line boxes anywhere on the display. 

You load the machine-language rou- 
tines into memory from the MS-DOS 
prompt by using MHLOAD. You invoke 
this memory -resident program once per 
DOS session; it stays in memory until 
you restart the computer. Some assem- 
bly routines require reserved memory, 
and MHLOAD has an optional parameter 
setting for 1 to 1.023K bytes of memory. 
When running MHLOAD, you must spec- 
ify a sequential file name as a target file to 
be linked with your Basic program. This 
file contains the segment address and 
offset locations of the machine-language 
routines located in memory. 

An important program included in 
this package is Shell. BAS, the Basic 



skeleton containing routines and con- 
trol codes to link Basic to the machine- 
language routines in memory. This 
program also determines whether 
Shell.BAS is compiled, the type of mon- 
itor used, and so on. Shell.BAS resolves 
and obtains memory locations in its ini- 
tialization section by reading the 
MHLOAD-specified file and linking the 
addresses to their related commands. 
Typically, the file specified during 
MHLOAD is Mach2.ADR. You must in- 
sert your own main-body program into 
Shell.BAS, but don't change any of the 
existing Shell.BAS line numbers, as this 
can make it incompatible with future 
versions of Mach 2. 

When loaded via MHLOAD. each Mach 
2 routine has its own calling subroutine 
section in the Basic shell program. You 
must supply and initialize specific vari- 
ables required to perform a desired func- 
tion. Once your Shell.BAS program is 
complete, you can compile it using any 
suitable compiler. Be careful, as some 
variable names in the shell program are 
different from those specified in the 
manual. This is most likely a typograph- 
ical error. What's nice about Shell.BAS 
is that you can alter the variable names 
as long as you make sure they are in 
their proper order before you make the 
machine-language call. 

A few of the assembly subroutines re- 
quire that you reserve memory before us- 
ing them. You can store data outside the 
64K memory boundary that is normally 
limited by Basic. Some of the routines us- 
ing this reserved memory let you store 
and retrieve strings, search memory for 
a string, and sort fixed-length arrays. 

Looking at Options 

In testing Mach 2's options, I discov- 
ered that the sort demo did not work 
properly. This is unfortunate; the sort 
option is highly desirable because it ex- 
ecutes at assembly speeds outside of Ba- 
sic's 64K boundary. On the other hand, 
I found string and window-box manipu- 
lation to be fast and flexible. In testing. I 
put strings in reserved memory outside 
of Basic's 64K and read them back 
again. At this point. I attempted to use 
the sort function without any luck. Be- 
fore you purchase this product, verify 
that the sort function works. 

The manual contains an abundance of 
useful information, including a listing of 
Shell.BAS. and it describes each assem- 
bly routine, along with the variables 
used to make the routines function. The 
manual is unclear on how to set up and 
use different sections of Shell.BAS, and 
printed examples would be helpful. 
Mach 2 comes with many fine features, 
but be prepared to spend time learning 

how to use them.B 

Continued on p. 98 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 39 



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, 1986 t>» Ae'ocoriD Alt ftgnis i 




by Bruce Tonkin 
Organize your ideas 
with this Basic 
outline processor. 




e who follow our En- 
glish teachers' advice by 
outlining essays and 
speeches on paper are fed up. 
truth is that outlines aren't 
good for organizing thoughts if all the 
thoughts go into organizing. Often, the re- 
sult is an uninviting mass of headings and 
useless information. 

The computer's ability to organize data 
in nearly infinite ways changed outlines 
for the better. Commercial outliners like 
Living Videotext's Think Tank go beyond 
word processing to take over more of the 
organizational tasks, such as indenting 
and moving the cursor, allowing you more 
time to generate and shape your ideas. 
Outliner programs let you see your 
thoughts without forcing you to see a for- 
est of detail. 

My Thought Outliner program Is a scaled- 
down version of the large commercial pack- 
ages at a fraction of the cost. \bu can use it 
to plan and organize anything, including 
top-down-style programs in which you out- 
line functions and subroutines, inserting 
the actual code later. 

Thought Outliner lacks the bells and 
whistles of a Think Tank (space limita- 
tions in 80 Micro and in most versions of 



Basic were factors, as were Model 4/Tandy 
1000 incompatibilities and the fact that I 
didn't know which features you would 
want to include) but I will suggest en- 
hancements and start you on the road to 
implementing them. 

The Outliner's Outline 

In designing Thought Outliner. I as- 
sumed five requirements intended to 
maximize usefulness and efficiency. 

First, it should produce plain ASCII 
files: It shouldn't use strange characters 
to mark the ends of paragraphs, to indi- 
cate the indentation level, or to show the 
end of outlines. I distrust an editor that 
can't produce plain text files. 

Second, it should be usable as a simple 
text editor, allowing such amenities as 
wordwrap and block reform. 

Third, it must provide at least eight lev- 
els of indenting; in fact, it has 12. 

Fourth, it must be reasonably fast. Few 
people want a program that runs so slowly 
as to be useful only for demonstrating cod- 
ing techniques. 

Fifth, it must be easily adapted to the 
Model 4 (see the sidebar. "Program 
Notes." for an explanation of the tech- 
niques required). 



42 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Thought Control 

To start using Thought Outliner, type 
in the Program Listing and save it as Out- 
line. Load MS-DOS or PC-DOS and type in 
and enter OUTLINE. (For information on 
a quicker version, see the sidebar. "A 
Quicker Outliner" on p. 46.) A directory 
and a work space will appear on the 
screen. At the prompt, enter the name of 
a new file or that of a previous one you 
wish to see. An ever-present display In the 
top third of the screen tells you the func- 
tion-key assignments, the amount of 
memory currently available, the number 
of lines in a file, the current line, the out- 
line level, and the number of outline levels 
displayed. (See the Photo.) 

Use the MS-DOS function keys (Fl- 
F10) for file- and disk-management com- 
mands and for choosing the outline level 
displayed on screen. I've made some of the 
same commands available as control keys 
for both the MS-DOS machines and the 
Model 4. These Wordstar-like control keys 
(see the Table) also handle word-process- 
ing commands; owners of the Tandy 
1000. 1200. and 3000 can substitute their 
built-in function keys (delete, insert, page 
up. page down, and so on). 

With the cursor In the upper-left corner 
of the text area, begin typing your outline. 
The function screen tells you that you're 
at outline level 1, often the best level for 
main headings typically labeled with Ro- 
man numerals. When you reach the end 
of the first heading, press the enter key for 
a carriage return. The program automati- 
cally performs wordwrap if you go beyond 
the end of a line. 

Each new line starts under the same 
outline level as the previous line. To move 
one level to the right, press the tab key; 
everything you type here will be Indented 
the proper number of spaces to set it off 
from other levels. The tab key can take 
you up to level 13 at the far right. You can 
use the backspace key (or control-H) to go 
back to the far left, and from there tab to 
the level you want. 

You can continue adding to the outline, 
needing only the tab and backspace key 
to set up headings and entries. To insert 



something, use the normal word-process- 
ing commands; Thought Outliner puts 
the resulting text in outline form. If the 
Inserted text pushes previous material off 
screen, however, you can press control- 
B— the reformat command— to bring 
everything back in proper format. 

F9 and F10 (or control-P and control-L) 
affect the number of outline levels that are 
displayed. They let you "collapse" a large, 
multilevel outline down to its primary head- 
ings, or "expand" it out to level 13. includ- 
ing the levels In between. F10 (labeled 
"move to previous outline level") reduces 
the number of levels on screen: F9 ("move 
to next outline level") does the opposite. 

To print out the final product, simply 
load the outline file into a word processor 
and follow the procedure. 

Bells and Whistles 

As I mentioned earlier. Thought Outlin- 
er does not give you all the sophisticated 
text-handling features available in com- 
mercial outline-processing programs. 
(Then again, you can't purchase a com- 
mercial outline processor for much less 
than $100.) If you have a fundamental 
grasp of Basic, however, you can add fea- 
tures fairly easily by defining commands 
at the beginning of the program and in- 
serting the appropriate code internally. 
Because of Thought Outliner's modular 
design (see "Program Notes"), you can 
make enhancements without rewriting 
large sections of code. 

Among the features you might want to 
add are mark/unmark block, block move/ 
copy/delete/write/read/indent/unindent. 



System Requirements 

Tandy lOOO 

(Model 4 version on Load 80) 

256K RAM 

Basic 



undelete, global reformat, print outline to 
disk or paper (with formatting), automatic 
topic numbering, and search/replace. I es- 
timate that block operations would add 
3K to the program; undelete, IK; global 
reformat, 100 bytes; printed output, 5K; 
automatic topic numbering, IK; and 
search/replace, IK. 

You can add speed by implementing all 
direct screen writes in assembly lan- 
guage. The assembly routine would add 
about 200 bytes on an MS-DOS machine. 
To improve flexibility, I'd also add user- 
definable macros (see "Program Notes") 
and variable amounts of indentation. 
The macros might add 250 bytes, while 
variable indentation might add an addi- 
tional IK. In source-code form, the rou- 
tines might add up to 20K. 




80 Micro, February 1987 • 43 



Program Notes 



Converting Thought Outliner to 
the Model 4 operating environment 
was an interesting challenge. Like 
most programmers. I usually write 
software with a specific machine in 
mind. From the start, I know the 
computer's screen size, its maximum 
string length, its operation speed, 
its disk capacity, and its keyboard 
layout. As I write, I make a mental 
checklist of this information to 
ensure that the program will per- 
form properly on the intended user's 
machine. 

Given this modus operandi, how 
do you make a program written for one 
machine work on another? The key- 
boards might be different. The screen 
sizes might be different. In short, the 
hardware assumptions woven into the 
original code are probably invalid. 
Changing them means going back 
and examining every line of code to 
make sure it reflects the capabilities 
of the new machine. 

Commercial vendors frequently 
convert programs this way. The re- 
sult, in many cases, is inferior soft- 
ware. The assumptions that become 
part of a program's fabric are not eas- 



ily changed. For this reason, con- 
verted software tends to be slower 
and less efficient than its forebear. 
Worse, many such programs are ugly 
and difficult to use. 

Fortunately, there's a better 
solution. 

Have It Your Way 

The way around most conversion 
problems is really quite simple. In 
Thought Outliner. I defined con- 
stants at the beginning of the pro- 
gram. Therefore, if you need to 
change the screen width from 80 to 
64, all you do is change one number 
in the program. Likewise, to change 
the number of lines on screen or to 
redefine keys, you change the appro- 
priate numbers. Virtually nothing in 
the program is hard-wired. If a com- 
puter appears in the market with a 
screen size of 66 lines by 144 char- 
acters, you can run Thought Outliner 
on it by changing two numbers in the 
program (last line and margin). 

Defining constants in order to 
make them easier to change later on 
is not my idea. Languages such as C 
and assembly use the same tech- 
nique to make programs transporta- 
ble. In C, you code a series of #define 



Cursor movement 




Operation 


Key or key combination 


Start a new line 


enter 


Move up one line 


control-E 


Move down one line 


control-X 


Move up one screen 


control-R 


Move down one screen 


control-C 


Move right one character 


control-D 


Move right one word 


control-F 


Non-destructive backspace 


control-H 


Move right one tab position 


tab 


Move left one character 


control-J 


Move left one word 


control-A 


Move left one (previous) level 


control-L 


Move right one level 


control-P 


Move cursor to line start 


control-Q 


Move cursor to line end 


control-Z 


Text editing 




Operation 


Key or key combination 


Delete a character 


control-G 


Delete a word 


control-T 


Delete a line 


control-Y 


Insert a line 


control-N 


Reformat a section 


control-B 


File definition 




Operation 


Key or key combination 


Save current outline 


control-K 


Load outline from disk 


control-O 


Table. Thought Outllner's command structure (MS-DOS machines only). 



statements at the start of the pro- 
gram. In assembly, you use an 
Equate statement. 

The C and assembly methods of 
defining constants are different from 
Basic's approach of making con- 
stants variable, however. The C and 
assembly methods are actually more 
efficient. Consider a compiler asked 
to multiply A and B. If A and B are 
variables, the program must first re- 
trieve the value of A. then the value 
of B, and then perform the multipli- 
cation. If A and B are defined con- 
stants, the compiler already knows 
their values— they're placed directly 
into the source code when the pro- 
gram is compiled. The program, 
therefore, can perform the multipli- 
cation immediately. 

Using defined constants instead of 
variables might have saved several 
hundred bytes in Thought Outliner— a 
savings too small to be noticeable, 
however. A program, after all, must 
only be fast enough to keep up with the 
user. Fingers are slow, compared with 
the speed of a microprocessor. 

Equivalency Tests 

Other features of the MS-DOS pro- 
gram are easily adapted to the Model 4. 

The MS-DOS version contains only 
two user-defined functions, both of 
which can be written easily on one 
line. I used block If. . .Then. . .Else 
statements, which you can simulate 
with Goto statements in Model 4 Ba- 
sic. I used the IBM PC/Tandy 1000 
function keys in the MS-DOS version, 
but I also supplied an emulator for 
them if you use the program on a 
Model 4. 

The only statements in the MS-DOS 
version that don't have direct Model 4 
equivalents are View Print and Color. I 
used Color only to supply reverse video 
for some screen messages. 

Under MS-DOS Basic. View Print 
sets up an area of the screen that you 
can scroll, clear, and manipulate in 
other ways without affecting other 
parts of the display. This lets you use 
the top of the screen for messages and 
the bottom for text. Scrolling the text 
does not scroll the messages. 

On my IBM PC and Tandy 1000, 
View Print doesn't work correctly 
after line 24 on the screen. I had a 
choice when writing the program: 
Use machine-language routines to do 
the scrolling or use View Print. I 
chose the latter because it let me 
write a pure Basic program that is 
reasonably compatible with the 
Model 4's display capability. 



44 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Arranging the Display 

I assumed that most users would 
want to see text as they type it in, as 
well as the most important outline 
levels at the start of a session. There- 
fore. I set the Level variable to 5. To 
see more or fewer levels, you can use 
the up-level and down-level com- 
mand keys. Level 5 lets you see five 
levels, numbered zero to four. The 
maximum is level 13. which lets you 
see levels zero to 12. 

A small screen array called What( ) 
holds the numbers of the lines being 
shown on screen. If a line on the 
screen— say. line 12— shows line 5 
from the text file, then What(12) = 5. If 
a line on the screen shows nothing (be- 
cause it is past the end of the file), then 
What( ) equals one more than the max- 
imum number of lines for the file. 

In keeping with the goal of making 
the program useful as a text editor. I 
also included the basic cursor-move- 
ment commands: up line, down line, 
to line start/end, left or right by word 
or character, insert or delete by line, 
delete by character or word, and up 
or down by a screen. The commands 
for these operations are similar to 
those in My Word! and Wordstar. The 
commands are defined as variables, 
so you can change them to whatever 
you feel most comfortable using. Fig- 
uring that some of you might do this. 
I omitted the help screen on purpose. 
The subroutine is there, however, 
and you can put whatever you like 
into it. 

Macro Structures 

The code contains several macros, 
including one for implementing the 
IBM function keys on machines that 
don't have them. To implement a 
macro, append the command string to 
the string variable Text$(0). When the 
program runs, it checks Text$(0) for a 
function-key command. If you've ap- 
pended one. it will execute; if Text$(0) 
is empty, the program reads the com- 
mand from the keyboard. 

An extension of this technique 
gives you a nice keyboard buffer. All 
you do is call a subroutine from 
within the program. The subroutine 
uses Inkey$ to read the keyboard; if a 
character is waiting, it puts it at the 
end of Text$(0) and returns to the 
main program. This creates a key- 
board buffer large enough to handle 
nearly any conceivable series of key- 
strokes. The only trade-off is the time 
spent In the subroutine instead of in 
the main program. ■ 

—Bruce Tonkin 



n i 
n tin 



Win m>w. Inn »rth« 

t lalriti'.iii 



Photo. Sample outline produced using 
Thought Outliner. 

If you add all the improvements and im- 
plement a help screen, the resulting pro- 
gram would probably take up 30-42K on 
an MS-DOS system. On a Model 4. you 
could squeeze the program by shortening 



variable names and removing remarks. 
The existing program. I estimate, takes up 
15-20K on a Model 4. so you could proba- 
bly add a few improvements without put- 
ting yourself over the maximum size limit. 
The only limit you should encounter on 
the Model 4 is the amount of memory avail- 
able in the text array. On MS-DOS ma- 
chines, the text array can hold about 50K 
bytes of characters. The Model 4's capacity 
is 10-15K. You can save space by lowering 
the number in the text array's dimension 
(DIM) statement from 1 .500 to 500. ■ 

Bruce Tonkin is an independent soft- 
ware developer and industry critic. 
Write to him at 34069 Halnesville Road, 
Round Lake. IL 60073. You can also con- 
tact Bruce through Syslink (312-622- 
4442) and BIX (312-642-6365). 



Program Listing. Thought Outliner. (See p. 96 for information on 


using the 


checksums in this listing.) 






10 


Outline Processor Program 






20 


written in Quick BASIC 2.0; by Bruce w. Tonkin on 9/13/86. 






38 


changed to generic GWBASIC by Bruce w. Tonkin on 11/11/86. 






41 


copyright Bruce Tonkin 1986. All rights reserved 






50 


set the various constants to use 






60 CLS: PRINT: PRINT: PRINT SPACE? (30) j "Initializing" 


< * 


3755 


70 DEFINT A-Z 'all variables will be integers 


• * 


809 


80 KEY 0PP:P0R 1-1 TO 10:KEY I,"":NEXT 1:1-0 


' * 


2678 


90 POREGROUND-7:BACKGROUND-0:BORDER-0 'screen color settings 


< » 


2532 


100 


DIM TEXTS (1501) 


• * 


1068 


110 


MAXLINES-1500 'number of text lines is 1500 


■ • 


1046 


120 


FIRSTLINE-9 'first line of text display 


■ * 


985 


130 


LASTLINE-24 'last line of text display 


• * 


947 


140 


MARGIN-78 'right margin on screen 


■ t 


799 


150 


DIM WHAT (25) 'what lines are on the screen 


■ * 


924 


160 


KEY OPP: 'program will handle the function keys 


• * 


725 


170 


'define cursor movement 






180 


CRETURN$-CHR$(13) : 'carriage return. Start new line. 


• * 


1325 


190 


UP$-CHR$(5): 'up a line, ctrl-E 


> * 


897 


200 


DOWNS-CHR$(24) : 'down a line, ctrl-X 


■ * 


1085 


210 


UPSCREEN$-CHR$(18) : 'up a screen, ctrl-R 


■ * 


1390 


220 


D0WNSCREEN$-CHR${3) : 'down a screen, ctrl-C 


■ • 


1484 


230 


RIGHTCHAR$-CHR$(4) : 'right one character, ctrl-D 


■ * 


1394 


240 


RIGHTW0RDS-CHR$(6) : 'right a word, ctrl-F 


■ * 


1427 


250 


BACKSPACE$-CHR$(8) : 'non-destructive backspace, ctrl-H 


■ * 


1369 


260 


RIGHTTABS-CHR$(9): 'right one tab position 


■ * 


1331 


270 


LEFTCHAR$-CHR$(10) : 'left one character, ctrl-J 


■ * 


1360 


280 


LEFTW0RD$«CBR$(1): 'left a word, ctrl-A 


■ » 


1343 


290 


LEPTLEVEL$-CHR$(16): 'left one level (previous), ctrl-L 


■ • 


1458 


300 


RIGHTLEVEL$-CHR$(12] i: 'right one level, ctrl-P 


> « 


1529 


310 


H0MEKEY$-CHR$(17) : 'cursor to line start, ctrl-Q 


■ • 


1307 


320 


endkey$=chkS(26) : 'cursor to line end, ctrl-Z 


■ * 


1226 


330 


'text edit operations 






340 


DELCHAR$-CHRS(7)» 'delete a character, ctrl-G 


■ • 


1230 


350 


DELWORD$-CHR$(20) t 'delete a word, ctrl-T 


■ * 


1304 


360 


DELLINE$-CHR$(25) : 'delete a line, ctrl-Y 


■ * 


1290 


370 


INSERTLINE$-CHR$(14)« 'insert a line, ctrl-N 


■ * 


1545 


380 


REP0RM$-CBR$(2) : 'reformat a section, ctrl-B 


> * 


1189 


390 


'define file operations 






400 


SAVED0CS-CHR$(11) : 'save current outline, ctrl-K 


• * 


1288 


410 QUITS-CHRS<27) : 'quit, don't save, ESC 


■ * 


1102 


420 


L0ADD0C$-CHRS(15) : 'load outline from disk, ctrl-0 


■ * 


1279 


430 


'define functions 






440 


DEP PNMAX(X,Y) — (X>Y)*X-(Y>-X)*Y 


■ * 


2216 


450 


DEF FNMIN(X,Y) — (X<Y)*X-(Y<-X)*Y 


• * 


2211 


460 


'exit from program, saving the document first 






470 


'start: 






480 


VIEW PRINT 


• » 


932 


490 


POR 1-0 TO MAXLINES:TEXT$(I)-"":NEXT I 


> * 


2654 


500 


COLOR FOREGROUND, BACKGROUND, BORDER 


• * 


2629 


510 


CLS 


■ * 


408 


520 


PRI NT-Out line processor: version 1.00. Copyright Bruce W. T 








onkin, 1986" 


■ * 


6203 


530 


P$-COMMANDS:IF F$<>" THEN 610 


■ * 


1945 


540 


'get name: 






550 


ON ERROR GOTO 710 


■ * 


1298 


560 


FILES 


• * 


558 


570 


'recover if none: 






580 


PRINT'What is the name of the outline file to edit: "; 


> » 


4820 


590 


LINE INPUT F$ 


> * 


1056 


600 


'filecheck: 






610 


ON ERROR GOTO 730 


■ * 


1297 


620 


1-1 


• # 


367 


630 


0PEN"i",l,P$ 


■ » 


907 


640 


WHILE K-MAXLINES 


■ * 


1398 




Lis .'(ng continued on p. 106 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 45 



Circle 209 on Reader Service card. 




XLR8er " 

(accelerator) 

provides the 
answers 

Model 4 System Owners: 
Extend the life of your Model 4 
with the XLR8 upgrade board. 

Q. What is an XLR8er? 

A The XLR8er is a printed circuit 
. expansion card that plugs into 
your Model 4 where the Z-80 processor 
chip is now. The XLR8er comes 
complete with the HD64180 microproces- 
sor (z80 compatible and 8 MHz z80 
performance), 256 KB of RAM and 
utility software for your system, plus full 
one-year warranty. 

QWhat software does the XLR8er 
. need? 

A The XLR8er is supplied with 
. Utilities for one operating system, 
TRSDOS, CP/M, or LDOS. Additional 
utility disks are available. 

QWhat is involved in installing the 
. XLR8er? 

A Installation is limited to simple 
. plug-in connection and system 
disassembly and assembly. 



$ 



269.95 



Introductory Price 

Reg. S299.95. Introductory otter ends Jan 31. 1987 

Texas residence add sales tax. VlSA/MasterCard 

accepted 

Order today. It is so easy. Just call our 

24 hour numbers-800-835-2246 ext. 

202 or 800-362-2421 ext. 202 (Kansas 

residents) and ask for the XLR8 upgrade 

board. 

H. I. Tech, Inc. 

P. O. Box 25404 

Houston. Texas 77265 "^g? 

713/682-7317 ' 

•Plus shipping and handling Add applicable lai - - 



A Quicker Outliner 

Bruce Tonkin originally wrote 
Thought Outliner in Quick Basic, a 
compiled language. Since most peo- 
ple don't own a compiler, we asked 
for an interpreted version, which un- 
fortunately runs much slower than 
the compiled version. To improve the 
speed in the interpreted version, omit 
remark lines and combine lines 
whenever possible. Be careful not to 
combine lines that are objects of Goto 
or Gosub statements. 

Owners of MS-DOS machines can 
order a disk containing the Quick Ba- 
sic version of Thought Outliner from 
Bruce (34069 Hainesville Road. 
Round Lake. IL 60073). Enclose $1 1 
to cover duplication, shipping, and 
handling. Orders from outside the 
United States and Canada require $5 
more for overseas airmail, and pay- 
ment must be in U.S. funds drawn on 
a U.S. bank or in traveler's checks. 
The disk version includes source code, 
compiled code, and a document file. As 



best we can determine, the Quick Ba- 
sic (compiled) version works on all 
Tandy MS-DOS machines but the 
2000 and requires 256K RAM. The in- 
terpreted version works on all ma- 
chines (the 3000 requires MS-DOS 3.2). 

The Model 4 version is available on 
this month's Load 80 disk (see p. 6 
for ordering information); to obtain a 
copy of the listing, write to Technical 
Editors. 80 Micro 80 Pine St.. Peter- 
borough. NH 03458. 

In the compiled MS-DOS version. 
control-S moves the cursor left one 
space, as it does in My Word! and 
Wordstar. The Tandy 1000's control- 
S acts as a hold key. so we have re- 
placed it with control-J in the inter- 
preted version. 

Finally, see the Figure for an exam- 
ple of Quick Basic source code that 
does the same thing as lines 3110- 
3340 of the interpreted program.! 

—Eds. 



if midS(text$(x) , 1, 5*level) =tempS then goto getcommand: 

for i=lastline to firstline+1 step -l:what(i)=what(i-l) :next i 

what(f irstline)=x:current=x 

cursorcol=f nmin (cursored, len(text$ (current) )+l) 

gosub redisplay : gosub showstatusrgoto getcommand: 

end if 

•down arrow 
if cmd=80 then 

if cursorline=lastline then 

view print firstline to lastline 

locate lastline, 80:print 

view print 

for i=firstline to lastline-1 

what(i)=what(i+l) 
next i 

cursorl ine=cursorline-l 
current=what (cursorl ine) :x=current+l 
if x<=top then 

temp$=string$(5*level, 32) 

while mid$ (texts (x) , l,5*level)=tempS and x<=top and temp$<>' 
x=x+l 

wend 

what ( lastl ine) =x : current=x 

else if x>top then top=x:what(lastline)=top:current=x 

end if 
temp=cursorline : cursor 1 ine=lastl ine : gosub showl ine 
cursorl ine=temp 
end if 

cursorl ine=cursorline+l:current-what (cursorl ine) 
if current>top then what(cursorline)=what(cursorline-l)+l 
cursorcol=f nmin (cursored, len (texts (current) )+l) 
gosub showstatus:goto getcommand: 
end if 

'up page 

if cmd=73 then 

current"What ( f irstl ine) : cursorl ine=f irstl ine : cursorcol=l 
if current=l then gosub showstatus:goto getcommand: 
y=lastline-firstline:x=current-l:temp$=string$(5*level,32) 

while y>0 

while raidS (texts (x) ,l,5*level)=temp$ and x>l:x=x-l:wend 
if raidS (texts (x) ,l,5*level)<>tempS t ^ ien 
for i=lastline to firstline+1 step -l 

what(i)=what(i-l) 
next i 

what ( firstline) =x: current=x 
x=x-l 
if x<l then y=l 

Figure. Quick Basic equivalent of Thought Outliner lines 3110-3340. 



46 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 455 on Reader Service card. 



The Best Money Can Buy . . . 




Model 1000 Multifunction Boards 

New! 

4 Megabyte Memory PLUS Card 

For the Tandy 1000, 1000A. 1000SX, AND THE TANDY 1200 
Expands memory beyond the 640K. limited by DOS, to use the 
Intel/Lotus/Microsoft expanded memory format Includesa printer 
spooler, memory disk, and Plus port. PLUS expansion cards 
(RS232C, Clock, ETC) can be plugged into a special connector, 
saving a slot for other applications 
4 Megabyte Plus Card (OK) $199. 

TanPakm 

For the Tandy 1000 and 1000A Seven of the most needed 
functions/features have been combined into one package using 
only one expansion slot Features include memory up to 512K, 
RS232, Serial Port, Clock-Calendar, DMA, Printer Spooler, 
Memory disk, and a PLUS expansion port that can use most PLUS 
cards. 

TanPak OK $179. 

TanPakiM Secondary 

If you already have a Model 1000 memory card and do not wish 
to replace it the TanPak secondary is for you It retains all the 
Features of the TanPak excep't for the DMA For the 1000, 1000A 

TanPakTM Secondary OK $139. 

TanPakiM SX 

Made for the New Tandy 1000 SX. it contains all the features of 
the TanPakTM except the Memory and DMA features 
TanPakTM SX $129. 

TANDY 1000 and L 000 EX 

RS232C Serial- Clock/Calender ^ > 

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Now available for the TanPak. the Tandy Memory Expansion 
PLUS Card, the HDS Memory Expansion Plus Card, and other 
boards that configure their expansion port with side A (component 
side) routing conductors to the top side of the 62 conductor dual 
row header 

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like the Tandy boards, or specify the male version The port can be 
set up as COM 1 or COM 2 

Clock/Calender port features a perpetual clock for automatic 
time/date input into your programs as well as power up routine 
The clock hi < jeable port selector that allows 1 1 

of another clock on lii 

RS232C-Serial PLUS Card $ 59. 

Clock/Calendar PLUS Card $ 59. 

RS232C-Serial, Clock/Calendar PLUS Card . . $129. 



Memory Plus Expansion Board 

For the 1000. 1000A Includes sockets for 512K. DMA, and a 
PLUS expansion port 
Memory PLUS Expansion Card, OK $99. 

Tandy 1000, 1000A, 1000SX Hard Drives 

Shop and compare Hard Drive Specialist has been building 
hard drive systems for years and have sold thousands of subsy- 
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Internal drive systems include an interface card and a half-height 
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power supply, and hard drive unit All units require a memory 
board with DMA compatible with the Tandy 1000 

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. $829. 
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30 Meg Internal $679. External ... 

20 Meg Hard Card .... $499. 30 Meg Hard Card 
42 Meg Internal ..*•.. $1195. 42 Meg External | 
60 Meg Internal $1395. 60 Meg External I 

All Internal Hard Drives with the exception of the Hard Cards 
mount where the second disk drive usually mounts 

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products at a fraction of the cost 

20 Meg Internal $ 849. External $999. 

42 Meg Internal $1449. External $1599. 

Model 1,3,4 Hard Drives 

20 Meg $845. 20-20 Meg $1245. 

40 Meg $1395. 40-40 Meg $2295. 

Model 3/4 RS232C Card $69. 

Model 3/4 Floppy Disk Controller Card $99. 

Color Computer Floppy Disk Controller Card $99. 

HARD DRIVE SPECIALIST 

Order Line 

1-800-231-6671 16208 Hickory Knoll 

1 -71 3-480-6000 Houston, Texas 77059 

Ordering Information 

Use our WATS line lo place your order via Visa. MasterCard, or Wire Transfer. Or 
mail your payment directly to us Any non- certified funds will be held until proper 
clearance is made COD orders are accepted as well as purchase orders from 
government agencies Most Items are shipped off the shelf with the exception of hard 
drive products that are custom huili UPS ground is our standard means of shipping 
unless otherwise specified Shipping costs are available upon request. 




Measure 



by Donald W. Moffat 

Puzzled by the material requirements for that 
room you want to paper? Use this program to make them add up. 




it 

■ I omeowners are often stymied when it comes 

I I to calculating material requirements for do- 

JL -JL it-yourself improvement projects. Common 
jobs such as laying a carpet, building a sun deck, or 
wallpapering a room can involve tricky arithmetic, es- 
pecially if the work area encompasses a variety of geo- 
metric shapes. I experienced this firsthand while 
attempting to reshingle the roof of my house. The frus- 
tration born from that experience led me to write 
Area.BAS. a program for the Tandy 1000 that calculates 
areas and material requirements for you. 

Though written for the Tandy 1000. Area.BAS can be 
adapted for use on the Models III and 4. The Program List- 
ing (see p. 55) contains the Basic code for a Model 1000 
without special graphics capability; Figs. 1 and 2 are the 
changes for the Models HI and 4 (also without special 
graphics capability). I'll discuss these and other mod- 
ifications for the program in more detail later. 

Defining Your Space 

Area.BAS is easy to learn. You sup- 
ply the program with the surface 
measurements for your pro- 
ject, as well as the material 
specifications you intend to 
use. It calculates the 
area and tells you how 
much material you 
will need to 
complete 
the job. 




After you've typed in and run Area.BAS, the program 
greets you with a menu of nine options. Choose option 
1 to figure the area and material requirements for a new 
project. The option brings up the calculate-area screen, 
which prompts you to give the area you're working with 
a name — for example, "exterior wall" or "garage roof." 

Once you've entered a name (up to 30 characters in 
length), the program provides a display of six geometric 
shapes. Choose the one that corresponds to your work 
area. The program tells you which measurements to 
take and asks you to enter them. For instance, if you are 
working on a rectangular area, it instructs you to mea- 
sure two adjacent sides. If you're working on a circle, it 
tells you to measure the radius. The Table defines the 
six shapes and lists the measurement requirements. 

When you've entered all the measurements for the 
job, the program calculates and displays the area. Press 
the enter key to return to the main menu. To figure the 
material requirement, select option 9. You'll be 
prompted to enter information about the material you're 
using. (The required information is usually listed on the 
product's packaging.) When you've finished, the pro- 
gram informs you of how much material you'll need. 

Divide and Conquer 

If you have complex surfaces that incorporate a vari- 
ety of geometric shapes, divide them into smaller sec- 
tions and separately enter the measurements for each 
shape. The process is similar for surfaces with geometric 
areas to add or subtract from the total. For instance, 
suppose you want to paint a wall in which there is a door 
with a semicircular window above it. First, enter the 



\ 



IBS 



tfti 




80 Micro, Febritai 



Circle 81 on Reader Service card. 




You've cot 



TOTAL ACCESS 



(specializing InTRSSO •) 



TO YOUR COMPUTER HARDWARE & SOFTWARE 
NEEDS. CALL ROSE TODAY! 



QUALITY DISK DRIVES 

These drives are complete with power supply, cover and 
external drive connector. For TRS-80 Model I. III. 4. IBM 
PC and others. All drives are Double Density and step at 
6ms or less. SS means single head. DS is double head. 
Specify white or silver color cover lor no additional charge 
or my beautiful new Stainless Steel cover for only $9 ad- 
ditional. Add $5 per drive shipping unless otherwise spec- 
ified. All drives have a one year warranty on parts and 
labor. Bare drives, that is. just the drives themselves are 
also available for those of you who don't need or want one 
of my power supplies. 

COMPLETE 3.5" ■ 5.25" - 8" 

DISK DRIVES 

lea. 40tk DS TEAC FD-35B in a dual case 157 

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lea. 40tk SS TEAC FD-55A in dual case $ 127 

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lea. 40tk DS TEAC FD-55B in dual case 137 

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1ea. 80tk DS TEAC FD-55F in dual case 157 

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8" DS. Thinline. Tandon TM848-2E 333 

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2-drive cable for Model I/III/4 24 

2-drive external cable for IBM PC 40 

4-dnve cable for Model I 34 

Extender cable. 7" long 9 

5.25" power supply & end., white or silver 59 

Samless Steel Covers 12 

8" power supply, fan & enclosure, beige 149 



— ROSE GETS RIGHT! - 

NOW— ROSE'S 

MOD 4 CP/M 

$69 
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Rose has latched onto this slick version of CP/M 2.2 that allows you to 
run most of your favorite CP/M programs with ease. It even lets you read 
and write other manufacturers' disk formats. What could be nicer? They 
are in stock ready for you to use and enjoy. 



TRS-80 SPECIAL EQUIPMENT 

12" Green Comp. Monitor. Add $10 for TTL 89 

12" Amber Comp. Monitor. Add $10 for TTL 84 

16K 200 nsec RAM Guaranteed 1 year<8 chips) 9 

64K 200 nsec RAM Guaranteed 1 year(8 chips) 19 

64K RAM plus Genuine PAL for Model 4 29 

256K 150 nsec RAM 1 yr guarantee {8 chips) 39 

MEDIA & SUPPLIES 

5" Diskettes SSDD. Lifetime Guarantee. lOpk — $16 

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Letter Size 20 lb. Tractor Paper. 2900 sheets 25 

SPECIAL SOFTWARE DEALS &£ 

WordStar * 3.3 (Specify MM or R/S format) $ 1 95 

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ReportStar*"' Report Generator 105 

IntoStar** Advanced DBMS (Above 2 Programs). . . 195 

dBASE II** Complete With Disk Tutorial 345 

Super Utility Plus 3.2 by Kim Watt 59 

CP/M 2.2 for Model 4 by Monte Zuma 169 

Turbo PASCAL by Bor Land. Requires CP/M 44 

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Turbo TUTOR by Bor Land 35 

Pickles & Trout CP/M 2.2m for the Model 

2-12-16. Floppy Version 179 

Same thing but the Radio Shack Hard Disk 219 

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for your MODEL III 

No need to buy a new computer when you 
can use the Holmes VID-80 modification 
and get CP/M 2.2, 64K RAM and 80 column 
video. This kit is easy to install and requires 
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nal manuals ready to run for only . . . .$ 399 



ORDER NOW! 
TOLL-FREE 

800-527-3582 

Orders Only Please 

Call in your order or write to us at the address 
below. Texas residents call us at 21 4-634-3336 
and deduct $2.00 from your order but you 
should remind me 'cause sometimes I forget, if 
you need technical information or service please 
call the Texas number as the Toll Free lines are 
just for orders only. Prices are subject to change 
without notice and are mail order only. I accept 
AMERICAN EXPRESS. MASTERCARD and VISA 
and I will not charge your card until I ship your 
goodies. You can send a check or a money 
order. I also accept COD orders but they require 
cash or a cashier's check upon delivery. If 
shipping charges are not shown please call for 
the correct amount. Add $5.00 handling charge 
if your order is less than $50.00. Shipping 
charges quoted in this ad are for the lower 48 
states only. Orders to Canadian address add 
$20.00 to pay for doing all those papers for 
customs. Texans add State Sales tax. No tax 
collected on shipments outside of Texas. Be 
sure you know what you are buying. 
SOFTWARE IS SOLD ON A REPLACEMENT 
BASIS ONLY • NO REFUNDS. If it is defective 
call us for instructions. Please order from me 
now — I need the money and I will net jack you 
around. I reserve the right to charge up to a ten 
percent restocking charge if you jack me around. 
All merchandise carries the original manufac- 
turers' warranty and all repairs or adjustments 
will be made by the manufacturer or his 
designated representative. 

NEXT DAY SHIPMENT of Goods in Stock. 

TOTAL ACCESS 

2544 West Commerce Street 
P.O. Box 223957 
Dallas, Texas 75212 
214-634-3336 



Geometric 

shape Required measurement 



Rectangle 
Parallelogram 

Trapezoid 

Triangle 
Circle 

Ellipse 






Two adjacent sides. 



Any side and the perpendicular distance to 
the opposite side. 



The lengths of the sides that are parallel, 
and the perpendicular distance between 
them. 



Each side. 



The radius. 



Major and minor axes. The major axis is 
the longest straight line you can draw in 
the ellipse. The minor axis, perpendicular 
at the midpoint of the major axis, is the 
shortest line you can draw through the 
center. 



Table. Geometric shapes handled by Area.BAS. 



Area.BAS tells 
you how much 
material you'll 
need to complete 
the job. 



measurements of the wall with option 1; 
then return to the main menu and add the 
wall measurements to memory. Next, en- 
ter the measurement of the door. When 
you return to the main menu, subtract the 
door measurement from the area calcula- 
tion. Then do the same for the window. 

You can also use the program to find 
volume: all you do is multiply the calcu- 
lated surface area by the depth. For ex- 
ample, suppose you enter the dimensions 
of a proposed concrete patio, and the com- 
puter tells you that there will be 240 
square feet of surface area. If the concrete 
will be 4 inches thick (1/3 foot), multiply 



the surface area by 1/3. The volume will 
be 80 cubic feet. Since concrete Is deliv- 
ered by the cubic yard (27 cubic feet), 
you'll need 80/27, or nearly 3 cubic yards. 

Between the Lines 

As I mentioned earlier, you don't need 
a computer with special graphics capability 
to run Area.BAS. Line 1370 to the end of 
the program draws the graphics. The 
changes reflected in Figs. 1 and 2 substitute 
the proper code for the Models III and 4. 

In addition, to make the program work 
on the Model III. change line 130 to: 

130 CLEAR 250 



Also, change the commas to semicolons in 
all Input statements (lines 200. 320. 450. 
460. 540. 990. 1040. 1080. 1 100, 1 160, 
1210, 1250. 1290. 1310. and 1360). On 
the Model 4. you can omit line 130. 

The program, from line 140 to line 
1320. works as follows: Line 140 dimen- 
sions arrays for up to 25 areas. If you ex- 
pect to enter more than that, change the 
value of NDAT. Lines 210-240 analyze 
your selection from the menu. Line 260 
ties each item in the GOSUB routine to a 
menu selection. It saves time during debug- 
ging and later modifications. To further 
help you track down typos, I've included 
the menu item number on the tide line of 
each subroutine that is called directly from 
the menu. Subroutines called by other sub- 
routines have a series of angle brackets 
(<<<<<) in their title lines. 

Line 420 toggles A(n) between zero and 
one. Zero means that area n is to be sub- 
tracted; one means It is to be added. This 
feature allows you to make side calcula- 
tions of areas that you might not want to 
include in the list going to memory. You 
choose either option 1 or 2 from the menu 
and have the computer calculate an area. 
If you don't want to include the area In the 
set going to memory, select option 1 or 2 
again and make another calculation. If 
you want to include the area as either an 
addition or a subtraction, choose option 3 
or 4 before working with another surface. 

Lines 990- 1050 allow you to work with 
semicircles and other fractional circles 
and ellipses. Line 1320 sums the area alge- 
braically, using A(n) to determine whether 
to add or subtract it. The values for variable 
FACTR convert each surface's area from 
the units you measured into the units you 
select for the result. This means you can 
measure one area in feet, another in inches, 
and have the total calculated in meters. ■ 



Write to Donald W. Moffat at 1 164 NW 
Overlook Drive. Corvallls. OR 97330. 



System Requirements 

Tandy 1000 

(Models III and 4 

with changes) 

32KRAM 

Disk Basic 



Fig. 1. Changes to substitute proper graphics code for the Model III. (See p. 96 
for Information on using the checksums in Figs. 1 and 2.) 



1370 'Subroutine to draw shapes <<<<<<<<< 

1380 PRINT§l,STRINGS(ll,131);§321,STRINGS(ll,176);:FOR C=0 TO 5: 
PRINT§C*64,CHRS(170) ;§C*64+12,CHRS(149) ; :NEXTC:PRINT§210,CH 
RS (152); §229, CHRS (155); §230, CHRS (129); §273, CHRS (134); §272, C 
HRS (160); §336, CHRS (177); §335, CHRS (184); §354, CHRS (152); 

1390 PRINT§355,CHRS(129);§291,CHRS(160);§292,CHRS(134);§361,CHRS 
(176 ); §362, CHRS (188); §363, CHRS (179); §300, CHRS (176); §301, CHR 
S (140); §302, CHRS (131); §239, CHRS (176); §240, CHRS (140); §252, CH 
RS(164) ;§317,CHRS(137) ;§318,CHRS(144) ;§382,CHRS(178) ; 

1400 PRINT§383,CHR$(180);§211,STRINGS(18,131);8337,STRING$(17,17 
6); §241, STRINGS (11, 131); §364, STRINGS (18, 176); 

1410 PRINT§522,CHRS(140);§521,CHRS(176);:FOR C»0 TO 1:PRINT§584+ 
C*61,CHR$(131);§583+C*61,CHRS(140);§582+C*61,CHRS(176);:NEX 
T C:PRINT§7 06, CHRS (179); §705, CHRS (172); §771, CHRS (131); §772, 
CHRS (137); §773, CHRS (140); §774, CHRS (176); 

1420 PRINT§775,CHRS(144);§839,CHR$(130);§840,CHRS(131);§841,CHRS 
(140);§842,CHRS(164);8843,CHRS(186);§523,CHR$(171) ;:F0R C=0 
TO 3:PRINT§587+C*64,CHRS(178);:NEXT C 

1430 PRINT§660,CHR$(168) ;§661,CHR$(131) ;§597,CHRS(160) ;§598,CHRS 
(158); §599, CHRS (135); §600, CHRS (129); §535, CHRS (160); §536, CHR 
S (176); §537, CHRS (184); §538, CHRS (140); §539, CHRS (140); §540, CH 
RS (135); §541, CHRS (131); §542, CHRS (139); §543, CHRS (140); 

1440 PRINT§544,CHR$(140);§545,CHRS(180);§546,CHRS(176);§547,CHRS 
(144); §610, CHRS (130); §611, CHRS (139); §612, CHRS (173); §613, CHR 
S (144); §677, CHRS (131); §678, CHRS (148); §742, CHRS (133); §741, CH 
RS (176); §805, CHRS (129); §804, CHRS (158); 



203 



* 13461 



* 6277 



• 12535 



* 9125 



12054 
Fig. 1 continued 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 51 



Circle 378 on Reader Service card. 



TANDY IS DANDY... 

. . . until you want more 



"... the Zuckerboard 
is a high-quality, 
reliable alternative to 
the high prices of 
Tandy's expansion 
memory boards." 

June 1986 Issue 

T 



GS 



U 



Magazine 



Chip 



to 



TANDY 

1000 


Zuckerboard 

Expansion 

Memory 


Tandy \*& 
Memory Plus 


ill 


DMA 


Inc. 


Inc. 


i/l 


1 


with 256K 


$109 


$319.95 


If! 




with 512K 


$149 


$519.90 


Hi 




Options: 






i i 

m 




Clock/Calendar 


$49 


$ 99.95* 


I 




256K Upgrade 


$49 


$199.95 


V 




RAM Disk/ 
Print Spooler 


$49 


N/A 




n i 


Warranty 


2 Years 


90 Days 

*with mouse 





" . . . High Power Low Price. " PCM 

It's another 




■- - 



PR 



**K 



St 



S3? 



W5» 



%. 



UCKI5RBo4RD 



235 Santa Ana Court • Sunnyvale, CA 94089 • (800) 233-6874 (CA) • (800)222-4920 

Canada South Hi-Tech Inc. • 1177 Mewmarket St. • Ottawa, Ontario K1B 3V1 • 613/745-8120 
ZUCKERBOARD is a Trademark of Advanced Transducer Devices, Inc. • TANDY 1000 and TANDY 1200 are Trademarks of Radio Shack, a Division of Tandy Corporation. 
All prices subject lo change without notice due to fluctuations in the chip market. 



Or. Dr. Zucker 



If s another 

ZUCKIEM3 







235 Santa Ana Court • Sunnyvale, CA 94089 
(800) 233-6874 (CA) • (800)222-4920 



FOR TANDY 1000 



ory Board with 256K 

ory Board with 512K 
2004 49 Clock/Calendar 

2008 249 Multifunction Board with 5 12K + Serial + 

ZDISK + ZSPOOL + Clock 
PURCHASE ANY OF THE ABOVE BOARDS AND 
RECEIVE A FREE CLOCK CALENDAR. 

2016 549 Internal Half Height 20MBYTE Hard Disk 

inc. Controller and Cables 
(1000SX Compatible) 



FOR TANDY 1000SX 



>ard with 256K 
199 Multifucntion Board with 256K + Serial + 

ZDISK + ZSPOOL + Clock 
2 1 9 Monochrome Text Upgrade (TTL monitor 

and cable included) 



FOR TANDY 1000EX 






FOR TANDY 3000HL 



Port (Includes Clock Calendar) 
799 Internal Half Height 20MBYTE Hard Disk 

inc. Controller and Cables 
799 20MBYTE DRIVE BOARD 
249 Monochrome graphics (TTL Monitor 

and connecting cable included) 




FOR TANDY 1000SX and 
1000EX 



99 1st Serial Port 
49 2nd Serial Port 




FOR TANDY 1000, 1000SX, 
1000EX, and 3000HL 



.2 with GW Basic 
49 ZDISK + ZSPOOL Software 



Model 

FOR TANDY 1000 

2002 

2003 

2004 

200* 

2016 

2017 



Ot>. 



S109 
149 

49 

249 
549 
599 



FOR TANDY lOOOSX 

2006 

2027 

2020 



129 
199 
219 



FOR TANDY 1000F.X 

2025 

2026 



99 
129 



FOR TANDY 3000HL 

2029 

2031 

2032 

2033 

2021 

2022 



149 

79 
799 
799 
249 
129 



FOR TANDY lOOOSX and TANDY I000EX 

2028 

2030 



FOR TANDY 1000. lOOOSX. 1000EX and 3000H1. 

2023 

2024 

Subtotal 

CA Residents add applicable tax 

Shipping $6.00 per product 

in the U.S. 
Total 



Name 



City, State . 



Zip. 



MasterCard H 



Visa 

Number 

Check or Money Order 

please allow 2—4 weeks delivery. 



Model 



Expires 



Ot>. 



FOR TANDY 1000 

2002 

2003 

2004 

2008 

2016 

2017 



$109 
149 

49 
249 
549 
599 



FOR TANDY lOOOSX 

2006 

2027 

2020 



129 

199 
219 



FOR TANDY 1000EX 

2025 
2026 



99 
129 



FOR TANDY 3000HL 

2029 

2031 

2032 

2033 

2021 

2022 



149 
79 
799 
799 
249 
129 



FOR TANDY lOOOSX and TANDY 1000EX 

2028 

2030 



FOR TANDY 1000. lOOOSX, 1000EX and 3000HL 

2023 

2024 

Subtotal 

CA Residents add applicable tax 

Shipping $6.00 per product 

in the U.S. 

Total 



City, State . 



Zip 



Phone 



Visa 1 
Number. 



MasterCard D 



Amex D 



Expires. 



Check or Money Order 

please allow 2—4 weeks delivery. 




OS 


tti 


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01 


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a. $ 


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Of. Dr. Zucker 




It's another 

zuc:i<i=i?i3o y Ai?o 

QTD 

235 Santa Ana Court • Sunnyvale, CA 94089 
(800) 233-6874 (CA) • (800)222^920 

3R TANDY 1000 



2003 149 Memory Board with 5 12K 

2004 49 Clock/Calendar 

2008 249 Multifunction Board with 5 1 2K + Serial + 

ZDISK + ZSPOOL + Clock 
PURCHASE ANY OF THE ABOVE BOARDS AND 
RECEIVE A FREE CLOCK CALENDAR. 

2016 549 Internal Half Height 20MBYTE Hard Disk 

inc. Controller and Cables 
(1000SX Compatible) 
20MBYTE Drive Board (1< 



FOR TANDY 1000SX 






1 29 Memory Board with 256K 

199 Multifucntion Board with 256K + Serial + 

ZDISK + ZSPOOL + Clock 
219 Monochrome Text Upgrade (TTL monitor 




FOR TANDY 1000EX 



with 256K 
384K 



FOR TANDY 3000HL 



lt^JHU*Si Hit*Ti 



79 2nd Serial Port (Includes Clock Calendar) 
799 Internal Half Height 20MBYTE Hard Disk 

inc. Controller and Cables 
799 20MBYTE DRIVE BOARD 
249 Monochrome graphics (TTL Monitor 

and connecting cable included) 
1 29 Color graphics (Monitor not inc.) 



FOR TANDY 1000SX and 
1000EX 



FOR TANDY 1000, 1000SX, 
1000EX, and 3000HL 



Complete the coupon below, 
or CALL TOLL FREE 

1-800-258-5473 

(In NH, dial 1-924-9471) 




YES, please send me the 
80 Micro Special Collection(s) 
I've checked below: 

For the Model III: 

□ The Best of the Model III, 
15 programs, just $21.45* 

For the Tandy 1000 

□ Starter Pack 1000, 

13 programs, just $26.50* 

For the Model 4: 

□ Utility Pack, 15 programs, 
just $26.50* 

□ Best of the Model 4, 

12 programs, just $21.45* 

D Payment enclosed 
Amount $ 



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allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. 



2-87BI 

MAIL TO: 

Load 80 

Elm St. 

Peterborough, NH 03458 



SELECT 
THE 80 MICRO 
POWER PACK FOR 
YOUR MACHINE! 

□ Tandy 1000 □ Model III □ Model 4 

Software written especially for YOU! 

Here's a lineup of 80 Micro's most popular software, fully tested by 
our technical staff. And now ready-to-run on top quality disks. It's one 
of the most outstanding values in the industry! Complete documenta- 
tion is included. 



FOR THE MODEL III 



Best of the Model III 



|— 15 exceptional 
utilities and applications from the pages of 
80 Micro. Includes debugging aid to let 
you single-step through Basic programs 
and display and change variables, spelling 
checker, the famous Hinrichs Basic Word 
Processor, printer spooler, machine-lan- 
guage terminal program, printed circuit 
board designer, disk drive timer, project 
manager. . . 

. . . upgraded version of our Easydata data 
base manager, full-featured spreadsheet in 
Basic, full-screen graphics editor, patch ed- 
itor and library, screen blank-out utility, ma- 
cro builder for setting program parameters 
and customizing DOS commands, and util- 
ity to let you execute a group of DOS 
commands with a single command line. 



FOR THE TANDY 1000 



Starter Pack 1000 



|— 13 exciting and 
useful programs to get you up and run- 
ning. Includes spelling checker, futures 
trading simulator, project manager, graph 
generator, critical path scheduler, custom 
sort generator, simple-interest and Rule-of- 
78s calculator, routine to solve for roots of 
linear and nonlinear equations, data base 
manager, statistics program, memory-resi- 
dent video blank-out utility, and six sub- 
routines to calculate math functions in 
double precision. 



ORDER NOW, 
WHILE SUPPLIES LAST! 



FOR THE MODEL 4 

| — 15 outstanding programmer's aids. Includes lll-to-4 Basic converter, disk 
drive timer, string sorter to replace TRSDOS 1.3's CMD"0", pop-up help screen generator, 
disk-space mapper (previously unpublished), enhanced Debug, Model 100-like bar cursor 
directory program, routine to add Point. Set, and Reset to Basic. . . 
. . . killed-file restorer, Basic cross-checker, function key programmer. Unix-like DOS shell 
with command library and multiple command feature, load-address locator, memory locator 
for scroll protection, the cursor character, and the function keys. . . 
...and Basic editor extension with 11 features including string searcher, cross reference 
restorer, and line-number replace, copy, and move. (Note: some of these programs will 
not run on the 4D in double-sided mode.) 

H— A dozen of the finest programs to appear in 80 Micro. Includes Scripsit 
enhancement, JCL file editor. Life, window driver, statistics program, project manager, data base 
manager, lll-to-4 Basic converter, utility to let you run TRSDOS 1.3 cassette programs from 
TRSDOS 6.X disks. DOS setup JCL file. Model 100-like bar cursor directory program, and routine 
to add Point, Set, and Reset to Basic, (Note: some of these programs will not run on the 4D in 
double-sided mode.) 



Complete the coupon or CALL TOLL FREE 
1-800-258-5473 (In NH, dial 1-924-9471) 



Circle 225 on Reader Service card. 



- v NEW! 





KEYBOARD PROTECTOR 

Finally! A keyboard cover that 
remains in place during use! 

SafeSkin prevents damage from liquid 

spills, dust, ashes, paper clips, staples, etc. 

This custom fit cover is made of ultra-thin, 

ultra-tough, clear flexible plastic, molded to 

fit every key and contour, allowing normal 

key response and feel. Available for the 

Model 100, Tandy 1000/2000, Model 3 

& 4, IBM-PC, AT, Apple, DEC, Wyse 

and many others. Send $29.95, Check or 

M.O., Visa & MC include expiration date. 

Specify computer type. Dealer inquiries 

invited. Free brochure available. 

Merritt Computer Products, Inc. 

2925 LBJ Fwy., Suite 180 

Dallas, Texas 75234 

(214) 339-0753 






<*U*W** 



Get help with your subscrip- 
tion by calling our new toll free 
number: 

1-?00-22?-S?22 

between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. 
EST, Monday-Friday. 
If possible, please have your 
mailing label in front of you as 
well as your cancelled check 
or credit card statement if you 
are having problems with pay- 
ment. 

If moving, please give both 
your old and new addresses. 



Fig. 1 continued 

1450 PRINT8803,CHRS(184) ; 8802, CHRS (160) ; 8867, CHRS (129) ; 8866, CHRS 
(131) ;8865,CHRS(135) ; 8864, CHRS (140) ; 8863, CHRS (140) ;8862,CHR 
$(184) ; 8861, CHRS (176) ; 8860, CHRS (180) ; 8859, CHR$ ( 140) ; §858, CH 
R?(140) ; 8857, CHRS ( 1 39 ); 8856, CHRS (131); 8855, CHR$( 130); 

1460 PRINT8792,CHRS(144);8791,CHR$(180);8790,CHR$(173);8789,CHR$ 
(130);@725,CHR$(176) ; 8724, CHRS (138) ; 

1470 PRINT8689,CHRS(154) ; 8626, CHRS (152) ; 8627 ,CHR$ (129) ;8563,CHR$ 
(160), -8564, CHR$(184);8565,CHR$(135), -8566, CHRS(139), -8567, CHR 
S ( 172); 8568, CHR$( 144) ; 8632, CHRS (130) ; 8633, CHRS (164) ; 8698, CH 
R$ (165); 8762, CHR$( 150); 8825, CHR$( 134); 

1480 PRINT8824,CHR$(160) ; 8888, CHR$ (129) ; 8887 , CHRS ( 142) ;8886,CHR$ 
(184) ;8885,CHR$(180) ; 8884 , CHRS (141 ); 8883, CHRS (130) ;8819,CHR 
S(144) ; 8818, CHRS (137) ; 8753, CHRS (169) ; 

1490 PRINT8262,"1"; 8386, "RECTANGLE"; 8283, "2"; 8402, "PARALLELOGRAM 
"; 8310, "3"; 8432, "TRAPEZOID"; 8777, "4"; 8899, "TRIANGLE"; 8797," 
5"; 8923, "CIRCLE"; 8821, "6"; 8946, "ELLIPSE" 

1500 INPUT'Select by number" ; SHAPE: RETURN 



'* 12911 
'* 5551 



9478 
3204 



Fig. 2. Changes to substitute proper graphics code for the Model 4. 



1380 
1390 
1400 
1410 
1420 
1430 

1440 

1450 

1460 
1470 
1480 
1490 



1510 
1520 
1530 

1540 

1550 
1560 



1570 
1580 



1600 
1610 
1620 



1640 

1650 
1660 
1670 



1680 
1690 



1700 
1710 



PRINTS (1,1) ,CHR$(151) ; :PRINT STRINGS ( 22 , 131 ) ;CHRS(171) 

FOR RO=2 TO 7:PRINT8(RO,l) ,CHRS(149) :NEXT RO 

FOR RO=2 TO 7:PRINT@(RO,24) ,CHR$(170) ; : NEXT RO 

PRINT8(8,1> ,CHR$(181) ; :PRINT STRINGS (22 , 176) ;CHRS(186) 

PRINT8(7,12) ,"1";;PRINT@(9,8) ."RECTANGLE" 

PRINT8(8,27) ,CHRS(186) ; : FOR C=0 TO 4 : PRINT8 (7-CM , 28+C*l ) ,C 

HR$(154);:NEXT C 

PRINT8(3,52),CHRS(155) ; : PRINT8 (8, 47 ) ,CHRS ( 186) ; :F0R C=0 TO 

3:PRINT8(7-C*1,48+C*1) ,CHRS(154) ; : NEXT C 

PRINT8(8,55) ,CHR$(186) ; : FOR C=0 TO 4 : PRINTS (7-C*l , 56+C*l ) ,C 

HRS(154) ; :NEXT C 

PRINTS (3, 33) .STRINGS (19, 131) ; : PRINTS (8, 28 ) .STRINGS (19, 176) ; 

PRINTS (7, 38) ,"2";: PRINTS (9, 31), "PARALLELOGRAM" 

PRINTS (3, 61 ), STRINGS (8, 131);: PRINTS (8, 56), STRINGS (20, 176) ; 

FOR C=0 TO 1:PRINT8(3+C*2,69+C*3),CHRS(137) ; : PRINT8 (3+C*2, 7 

0+C*3) ,CHRS(144); :PRINTS (4+C*2, 70+C*3) , CHRS ( 130) ;:PRINT8(4+ 

C*2,71+C*3),CHRS(164);:NEXT C 

PRINT8(7,75),CHRS(137);:PRINTS(7,76),CHRS(144) ; : PRINT8 (8, 76 

), CHRS (178) ;: PRINTS (8, 77), CHRS (180) ; 

PRINTS (7, 66) ,"3"; : PRINTS (9, 61 ) ."TRAPEZOID" 

PRINTS (18,1), CHR$ (140) : PRINTS (18, 2) ,CHRS ( 143) 

FOR C=0 TO 5:PRINT8(17-C*1,3+C*3),CHRS(176) ; : PRINT8 (17-C*1 , 

4+C*3), CHRS (140) ; : PRINTS ( 17-C*1 , 5+C*3) ,CHR$(131) ; : NEXT C 

PRINT§(11,21),CHRS(176) ; : PRINTS (11, 22) ,CHR$ (172) ;: PRINTS (21 

,21) , CHRS (176) ; : PRINTS (21 , 22) ,CHRS(186) ; 

FOR RO=12 TO 20:PRINT8(RO,22) ,CHR$(170) ; :NEXT RO 

FOR C=0 TO 2:PRINTS(18+C*1,3+C*6) ,CHRS(176) ; : PRINTS (18+C*1, 

4+C*6) ,CHRS(176) ; : PRINTS (19+C*1 , 5+C*6) ,CHR$(131) ; :PRINT8(19 

+C*1,6+C*6) ,CHRS(131) ; : PRINTS (19+C*1, 7+C*6) ,CHRS(140) ; :PRIN 

TS(19+C*1,8+C*6) ,CHRS(140) ; :NEXT C 

PRINTS (18, 16) ,"4"; : PRINTS (22, 6) ."TRIANGLE" 

PRINT8(16,26) ,CHR$(150) ; :PRINTS (15, 26 ) ,CHRS(160) ; :PRINTS(15 

,27) ,CHR$(133) ; : PRINTS (14 , 27 ) ,CHR$(160) ; : PRINTS (14 , 28) ,CHRS 

(134) ;: PRINTS (13, 29) , CHRS (176) ;: PRINTS (13, 30) , CHRS (140) ; : PR 

INT8(13,31) , CHRS (129) ;: PRINTS (12, 31 ), CHRS (160) , • 

PRINT8(12,32) ,CHRS(176) ; : FOR COL=33 TO 35 :PRINT8 (12, COL) ,CH 

R$(140) ;:NEXT COL 

FOR COL=36 TO 39 : PRINTS ( 12, COL) , CHRS (131) ;: NEXT COL 

FOR COL=40 TO 42 : PRINTS (12, COL) ,CHRS (140) ; : NEXT COL 

PRINTS(12,43) ,CHRS(176) ; .-PRINTS (12, 44) ,CHRS(144) ; :PRINT8(13 

, 44 ), CHRS (130);: PRINTS (13, 45),CHR$ (140) ;:PRINT8 (13, 46), CHRS 

(176) ; :PRINT8(14,47) ,CHR$(137) ; :PRINT8 ( 14, 48) ,CHR$(144) ; :PR 

INT8(15,48) , CHRS (138);: PRINTS (15, 49), CHRS (144) ;: PRINTS (16 , 4 

9) ,CHR$(169); 

PRINTS (17, 49) , CHRS (154) ;: PRINTS (18, 49 ) , CHRS (129) ; : PRINTS (18 

,48) , CHRS (168) ; : PRINTS (19, 48) , CHRS (129) ; : PRINTS (19, 47) ,CHRS 

(152) ;: PRINTS (20, 46) , CHRS (131) ;: PRINTS (20, 45) ,CHRS(140) ; : PR 

INT8(20,44) ,CHRS(160) ; : PRINTS (21 , 44) ,CHR$ (129) ; 

PRINTS(21,43) ,CHRS(131) ; : FOR COL=40 TO 42 :PRINTS (21 ,COL) ,CH 

R$(140) ; :NEXT COL 

FOR COL=36 TO 39 :PRINTS (21 ,COL) ,CHR$ (176 ) ; : NEXT COL 

FOR COL=33 TO 35 : PRINTS (21 , COL) ,CHR$ (140) ; :NEXT COL 

PRINTS (21, 32) , CHRS (131) ; : PRINTS (21, 31 ) , CHRS (130) ; : PRINTS (20 

,31) , CHRS (144) ; : PRINTS (20, 30) , CHRS (140) ; : PRINTS (20, 29) ,CHRS 

(131) ; : PRINTS (19, 28) , CHRS (164) ; : PRINTS (19, 27) , CHRS (130) ; : PR 

INT8(18,27) , CHRS (130) ; : PRINTS (18, 27) , CHRS ( 148) ; .-PRINTS (18, 2 

6) ,CHRS(130); 

PRINTS (17, 26) , CHRS (165) ; : PRINTS (18, 37) , "5"; : PRINT8 (22, 35) , " 

CIRCLE" 

PRINTS (17, 51 ),CHRS (154);: PRINTS (16, 52) , CHRS (176) ; : PRINTS (16 

,53), CHRS (134) ; : PRINTS (15, 54), CHRS (176) ; : PRINTS ( 15, 55) ,CHR$ 

(140);:PRINTS(15,56),CHR$(131);:PRINTS(15,57) , CHRS (131); : PR 

INT8(14,58) , CHRS (176) ; : PRINTS (14, 59) , CHRS (176) ; : PRINTS (14, 6 

0) ,CHR$(152); 

PRINT8(14,61) ,CHRS(140) ; :PRINT8 (14, 62) ,CHR$(140) ; :FOR COL=6 

3 TO 66:PRINTS(14,COL) ,CHRS(131) ; : NEXT COL 

PRINT8(14,67) , CHRS (140);: PRINTS (14, 68), CHRS (140) ; : PRINTS (14 

,69) , CHRS (164) ;: PRINTS (14, 70) , CHRS (176) ;: PRINTS (14, 71 ), CHRS 

(176) ; :PRINTS(15,72),CHRS(131);:PRINT8(15,73),CHR$(131);:PR 

INTS(15,74) , CHRS (140) ;: PRINTS ( 15 , 75) , CHRS (176) ;: PRINTS (16, 7 

6) , CHRS (137) ; 

PRINTS (16, 77), CHRS ( 176);: PRINTS (17, 78), CHRS (165 );:PRINTS( 18 

,78) ,CHR$(150) ; :PRINTS (19, 77) ,CHRS (131 ) ;: PRINTS (19, 76 ), CHRS 

(152);:PRINTS(20,75),CHRS(131);:PRINT8(20,74),CHRS(140);:PR 

I NTS (20,73) , CHRS (176) ; : PRINTS (20, 72) , CHRS (176) ; :PRINT8(21,7 

1), CHRS (131); 



5681 
3018 
3116 
3449 
2721 

4635 

6033 

4639 
3769 
3081 
3715 



8627 

5791 
2808 
2836 



5937 
3212 



'* 12247 
'* 2762 



4847 
3403 
3393 



4832 
3417 
3402 



14585 
4103 



'* 14646 
'* 6283 



14642 



'* 14650 
Fig. 2 continued 



54 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 357 on Reader Service card. 



Fig. 2 continued 

17 30 PRINTS (21 ,70) ,CHR$(131); : PRINT© (21 , 69 ) ,CHR$(134) ; : PRINTS (21 
,68) ,CHR$(140) ; : PRINTS (21 , 67 ) ,CHR$(140) ; : FOR COL=63 TO 66 :P 



RINT@(21,COL) ,CHR$(176) ; 

PRINTS (21, 61) ,CHR$(140) ; 

1740 PRINTS(21,59),CHR$(131) ; 



:NEXT COL:PRINTS(21,62) ,CHR$(140) ; : 
: PRINTS (21, 60) ,CHR$(137) ; 
:PRINTS(21,58),CHR$(131);:PRINTS(20 
,57) ,CHR$(176) ; : PRINTS (20, 56) ,CHR$(176) ; : PRINTS (20 , 55) ,CHR$ 
(140) ;: PRINTS (20, 54) ,CHR$(131) ; : PRINTS (19, 53) ,CHR$(164) ; : PR 
INTS(19,52) ,CHR$(131) ; : PRINTS (18, 51 ) ,CHRS(169) ; 
17 50 PRINTS (18, 65), "6"; : PRINTS (22, 62) , "ELLIPSE" : PRINTS (23, 15) ,; : 
INPUT'SELECT BY NUMBER ", SHAPE: RETURN 



'* 13180 
'* 6329 



Program Listing. Area.BAS. (See p. 96 for information on using the checksums 
in this listing.) 



********************************************* 

Calculates areas and coverage requirements 
I*******************************************' 

r****************»l 



100 ************* 

110 '** AREA4.BAS 

120 ************* 

130 i************************************ 

140 NDAT=25:DIM NAS(NDAT) ,A(NDAT) ,ANS(NDAT) ,AREA(NDAT) ,UN$(NDAT) 

,UM(NDAT) ,FACTR(7,NDAT) 
150 DATA 1,144, 1296, 4. 0145E+09, . 155, 1550, 1 .55E+09, .006944,1,9,2. 

78784E+07, .001076, 10.763922, 1.076E+07, . 000772, . 111111 , 1 , 3097 

600, .00012,1.195991,1195992,2.49E-10,3.587E-08,3.228E-07,1,1 

.922E-13,3.861E-07,.387103 
160 DATA 6. 4516, 929. 0304, 8 36 1.276, 2. 59E+1 0,1,1 0000, 1E+10, .000645 

, .092903, .836127,2950000, .0001, 1, 1000000, 6. 25E-10, 1 . 21 1E-07 , 

8.361E-07,2.59,1E-10, .000001,1 
170 FOR C=l TO 7:FOR CC=1 TO 7:READ FACTR (C,CC) : NEXT CC:NEXT C 
180 CLS 
190 PRINT" 1 Erase memory and start a new series" : PRINT" 2 Calcu 

late another area":PRlNT" 3 Include latest area as an additi 

on":PRINT" 4 Include latest area as a subtraction" : PRINT" 5 

Delete an area from memory" 
200 PRINT" 6 Load list of areas from disk":PRINT" 7 Save list of 
areas on disk":PRINT" 8 Display all areas held in memory" :P 

RINT" 9 Calculate requirements" :PRINT: INPUT"Select by number 
", SELECT 
210 IF SELECT<1 OR SELECT>9 THEN PRINT"There are nine choices: 1 

through 9" :PRINT:GOTO 190 
220 IF SELECT=1 OR SELECT=2 OR SELECT=6 THEN 270'No rqts for new list 
230 IF SELECT03 AND SELECT04 THEN 250 
240 IF TAREA<=0 THEN PRINT"No area has been calculated" :GOTO 190 

ELSE 270 
250 IF N<=0 THEN PRINT"There are no areas in memory" :GOTO 190 
260' 123456789 

270 CLS:ON SELECT GOSUB 290,300,410,410,450,1100,1160,1210,1230: 

GOTO 180 
280 'Subroutine to calculate an area 12 12 12 
290 N=0 'Enter here to start a new series 

300 PR I NT "CALCULATING AN AREA":PRINT 'Enter here for another area 

310 PRINT"What do you want to name the area? Use up to 30 chara 

cters, " 
320 LINE INPUT"including spaces. Type M to return to menu. ",TN 

AS: PRINT 
330 IF TNA$="M" THEN 390 ELSE IF LEN(TNA$)<31 THEN 350 

340 PRINT"That name is too long":GOTO 310 
350 CLS:GOSUB 1380 'Get shape 

360 I?=" and inches" :SQS="" :QM$="" :M$="in measurement?" 

370 GOSUB 520:IF TUH=2 THEN FCH$="in the form xx'xx"+CHR$ (34) EL 

380 CLS:ON SHAPE GOSUB 590,630,670,720,770,820 

390 RETURN 

400 'Subroutine to place latest area in memory 3 4 3 4 3 4 

410 N=N+1:AREA(N)=TAREA:UM(N)=TUM:NA$(N)=TNA$:UNS(N)=TUN$ 

420 IF SELECT=3 THEN A (N) =1 :AN$ (N) ="Add"ELSE AN (N) =0 : AN$ (N) ="Sub 

tract" 
430 RETURN 

440 'Subroutine to delete an area from memory 555555555 
450 INPUT"Enter number of area to be deleted ",NDEL 

460 PRINT NDEL;NAS(NDEL) ;AN$(NDEL) ;AREA(NDEL) ;UN$(NDEL) :INPUT"Is 

this the area to be deleted? Y or N, or M for menu ",T$ 

470 IF T$="n" OR TS= i "N" THEN 450 ELSE IF T$="y" OR TS="Y" THEN 4 

90 ELSE IF T$="m" OR T$="M" THEN 500 
480 PRINT"Answer Y, N, or M please" :GOTO 460 
490 FOR C=NDEL TO N-l : NAS (C) =NAS (C+l ) :ANS (C) =AN$ (C+l) : AREA (C) =AR 

EA(C+1) :UN$(C)=UN$(C+1) :A(C)=A(C+1) : UM (C) =UH (C+l) :NEXT C:N=N 

-1 
500 RETURN 

510 'Subroutine to choose measurement unit <<<<<<<<<< 

520 CLS:PRINT"What units should be used "+QMS+MS 

530 PRINT" 1 "+SQS+"inches":PRINT" 2 "+SQ$+"feet "+I $ : PRINT" 3 "+ 
SQS+"yards":PRINT" 4 "+SQ$+"miIes" :PRINT" 5 "+SQS+"centimete 
rs":PRINT" 6 "+SQS+"meters" : PRINT" 7 "+SQ$+"kilometers" 

540 PRINT:INPUT"Select 1-7 ",TUM:IF TUH<1 OR TUM>7 THEN 570 

550 IF TUM=1 THEN TUN$=" inches"ELSE IF TUH=2 THEN TUN$=" feet"E 
LSE IF TUM=3 THEN TUN$=" yards"ELSE IF TUM=4 THEN TUN$=" mil 
es"ELSE IF TUM=5 THEN TUN$=" cent imeters"ELSE IF TUM=6 THEN 
TUN$=" meters'ELSE TUN$=" kilometers" 

560 RETURN 

570 PRINT:PRINT"Only 1 through 7 is acceptable" :GOTO 540 

580 'Subroutine to get measurements fOr rectangle <<<<<<<<< 

590 FIGURES="a xectangle":MEAS$="a side":GOSUB 860 

600 Sl=L:MEASS="an adjacent side":GOSUB 870 

610 TAREA=S1*L:G0SUB 1070:RETURN 

620 'Subroutine to get measurements for parallelogram <<<<<<<<< 
630FIGURE$="a parallelogram" :MEAS$="a side":GOSUB 860 



145 
146 
147 
148 

5376 



7713 

3840 

411 



15985 



•* 


6648 


ist'* 


3005 


'* 


2392 


• * 


5288 


1 * 


4595 


'* 


152 


• * 


4003 


> « 


154 


1 « 


374 


ea ' * 


2394 


•* 


5860 


• * 


5773 


1 * 


3131 


1 * 


3135 


'* 


1088 


' * 


3996 


' * 


4890 


1 * 


2630 


1 * 


668 


• * 


148 


'* 


3580 


i * 


4513 


1 » 


663 


1 « 


152 


■ « 


4146 


i * 


8682 


• • 


5747 


' * 


3185 


i* 


7287 


1 « 


661 


1 * 


150 


' * 


3739 


,, 


12298 


• • 


3918 


, , 


15740 


1 * 


667 


1 * 


4363 


■ » 


157 


1 * 


3582 


• * 


3119 


1 * 


2071 


' * 


152 


'* 


4007 


Listing continued 



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Dealer inquiries welcome. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 55 






Get help with your subscrip- 
tion by calling our new toll free 
number: 

1-200-227-S722 

between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. 
EST, Monday-Friday. ^^ 
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If moving, please give both 
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* 






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PHONE-{212) 686-1520 TELEX-620430 



Listing continued 

64£ Sl=L:MEAS?="the perpendicular to that side":GOSUB 870 
650 TAREA=S1*L:G0SUB 1070:RETURN 

660 'Subroutine to get measurements for trapezoid <<<<<<<< 

670 FlGURE?="a trapezoid" :MEAS$="one of the parallel sides":GOSU 

B 860 
680 Sl=L:MEAS$="the other parallel side":GOSUB 870 
690 S2=L:MEAS?="the perpendicular between the parallel sides" :GO 

SUB 870 
700 TAREA=L*(S1+S2)/2:G0SUB 1070:RETURN 

710 'Subroutine to get measurements for triangle <<<<<<<<< 

720 FIGURE?="a triangle" :MEASS="any side":GOSUB 860 

730 Sl=L:MEAS?="either of the other two sides" :GOSUB 870 

740 S2=L:MEAS$="the third side":GOSUB 870 

750 S3=(S1+S2+L)/2:TAREA=SQR(S3*(S3-S1)*(S3-S2)*(S3-L) ) :GOSUB 10 

70:RETURN 
760 'Subroutine to get measurements for circle <<<«<<«< 
770 FIGURE$="a circle" :MEAS$="the radius" :GOSUB 860 
780 FIGURE$="circle":GOSUB 990 :TAREA=PART*3. 14159*L*L:GOSUB 1070 

: RETURN 
790 IF T$="n" OR T$="N" THEN 770 ELSE IF T$="y" OR T?="Y" THEN 8 

10 ELSE IF T?="m"OR T$="M" THEN 820 
800 PRINT"Answer Y, N, or H please" :GOTO 770 
810 'Subroutine to get measurements for ellipse <<<<<<<< 
820 FIGURE$="an ellipse" :MEAS$="either axis":GOSUB 860 
830 Sl=L:MEAS$="the other axis":GOSUB 870 
840 FIGURE$="ellipse":GOSUB 990 :TAREA=PART* . 785398*Sl*L:GOSUB 10 

70: RETURN 
850 'Subroutine to get measurements <<<<<<<<< 
860 PRINT"CALCULATING AREA OF ", -FIGURES 

870 PRINT:PRINT"Enter length of " ;MEAS$: PRINT FCH$:INPUT T$ 
880 IF TUM=2 THEN GOSUB 930 ELSE 900 



890 
900 
910 
920 
930 

940 
950 

960 

970 
980 
990 

1006 

11)11 
102C 



1040 

1050 
1060 
1070 
1080 
1090 
1100 

1110 
1120 
1130 

1140 
1150 
1160 

1170 
1180 



1190 
1200 
1210 



1220 
1230 

1240 
1250 

1260 
1270 
1280 
1290 
1300 

1310 



1330 
1340 
1350 
1360 
1370 
1380 

1390 



IF NG=0 THEN 870 ELSE 910 

L=VAL(T$) 

RETURN 

'Subroutine with special steps for feet and inches <<<<<<< 

Pl=INSTR(TS,"'") :IF Pl>0 THEN 940 ELSE NG=0 :PRINT"Feet symbo 

1 not found" :GOTO 970 

FEET=VAL (LEFT? (T$, Pl-1) ) 

P2=INSTR(P1-1,T?,CHR?(34)) :IF P2>Pl THEN 960 ELSE PRINT'Meas 

urement must be entered in the form shown" :NG=0 :GOTO 970 

I?=MID?(T?,Pl+l,P2-l) :L=FEET+VAL(I$)/12:NG=1 

RETURN 

'Subroutine to ask for fraction of curved area <<<<<<<< 

PRINT"Do you want to include the entire " ; FIGURES; "?";: INPUT 

" (Y/N) ",T$ 
IF T$="y" OR T$="Y" THEN PART=l:GOTO 1050 

IF TS<>"n" AND T$<>"N" THEN PRINT"Y or N please" :GOTO 990 
PRINT"What portion of the ";FIGURE$;" do you want to includ 
e? Enter a" 

PRINT"decimal. For example, enter .25 if you are using 1/4 
of the" 

PRINT FIGURES; : INPUT" ",PART:IF PARTM THEN PRINT"Portion C 

annot be greater than one":GOTO 1020 

RETURN 

'Subroutine to display result of area calculation <<<<<<< 
PRINT:PRINT"Area of ";TNA$;" is";TAREA; "square" ;TUN$ 
INPUT"Press <Enter> to return to menu ",T$:RETURN 
'Subroutine to load list of areas 66666666 
LINE lNPUT"Enter name of file to be loaded - or just <Enter 
> for menu ",T? 

IF T$="" THEN 1140 ELSE OPEN"I " , 1 ,T$ :N=0 

IF EOF(l) THEN CLOSE:GOTO 1140 

N=N+1:INPUT#1,NA$(N),A(N) ,AN$(N) , AREA (N) , UN$ (N) , UH (N) :GOTO 

1120 

RETURN 

'Subroutine to save list of areas 77777777 
LINE lNPUT"Enter name of file to be saved - or just <Enter> 
for menu ",T? 

IF T?="" THEN 1190 ELSE OPEN"0",2,T$ 

FOR C=l TO N:PRINT#2,CHR$(34) ;NA$(C) ;CHR$(34) ;A(C) ;CHRS(34) 

;AN$(C) ;CHR$(34) ;AREA(C) ;CHR$(34) ;UN$(C) ;CHR$(34) ;UM(C) :NEX 

T C: CLOSE 

RETURN 

'Subroutine to display areas in memory 8888888 

FOR C=l TO N:PRINT USING"M " ;C; : PRINT" " ; NA$ (C) ;TAB ( 34) AN$ ( 

C);:PRINT TAB (43) USING"MM . M "; AREA (C) ;: PRINT TAB(51)UN$(C 

):NEXT C:INPUT"Press <Enter> for menu ",T$:RETURN 

'Subroutine to calculate requirements 999999999 

SQ$="Square ":QM5="to display final results" : IS="" :M$="" :SU 

M=0 

GOSUB 520:UN5(0)="Square"+TUN$:CLS 

INPUT"What material will you use (paint, fertilizer, etc.)? 

",MAT$: PRINT 

PRINT"In what unit of measure (gallon, 100-lb bag, etc.)" 
PRINT"will you be using " ;MAT?; : INPUT USE?: PRINT 
PRINT"How many ";UN?(0);" per ";USE$;" is specified" 
INPUT"by the manufacturer? ",UPM:PRINT 
PRINT"What percent extra do you want? Press just <Enter> i 

INPUT"you want to use exactly the specified coverage ",EXTR 

A:PRINT 

FOR C=l TO N:IF A(C)=1 THEN SUH=SUH+AREA (C) *FACTR (TUM, UM (C) 

) ELSE SUM=SUK-AREA(C)*FACTR(TUM,UM(C)) 

NEXT C 

PRINT"Your total area is";SUM;" square";TUNS 

PRINT"which will require";SUM* (1+.01*EXTRA)/UPH;USE$; "s" 

PRINT: INPUT"Press <Enter> to return to menu ",T?:RETURN 

'Subroutine to draw shapes <<<<<<<<< 

FOR ROW = 2 TO 7:LOCATE ROW,l:PRINT CHRS (221) : LOCATE ROW, 24 

.•PRINT CHRS (222) ;: NEXT ROW 

LOCATE 1,1:PRINT STRING? (24, 220) ; :LOCATE 8,1:PRINT STRING?( 

24,223) 



1 * 


4525 


I * 


2075 


1 * 


156 


• « 


5425 


'* 


3838 


I * 


5930 


I » 


2425 


' * 


152 


I * 


3713 


' t 


4368 


> « 


2952 


I « 


4392 


' * 


157 


'* 


3710 


'* 


4710 


1* 


5726 


1 * 


3185 


1 * 


153 


' * 


4049 


I * 


2974 


•* 


4904 


1 « 


157 


I • 


2533 


1 * 


4303 


' * 


2177 


• * 


1667 


' * 


750 


' * 


666 


' * 


155 


' » 


5854 


' « 


1653 


' * 


8831 


' * 


2759 


I * 


672 


1 * 


161 


.. 


5631 


I * 


2722 


I * 


4003 


' * 


6104 


•* 


5720 


I * 


7445 


' « 


710 


• « 


199 


1 * 


4057 


' * 


4315 


' * 


202 


.. 


6321 


1 * 


2526 


I * 


2093 


.. 


3962 


1 * 


710 


' * 


199 


i* 


6241 


I » 


2299 


.„ 


7719 


' * 


715 


' * 


195 


I * 


11090 


I * 


197 


' « 


4994 


'* 


2548 


1 * 


6312 


1 * 


4850 


I * 


3963 


' * 


4091 


' * 


3437 


•* 


5601 


•* 


6058 


I * 


6489 


1 * 


649 


1 * 


3863 


1 * 


4453 


1 * 


4771 


I * 


203 


'* 


5664 


I * 


4330 


Listing continued 



56 • 80 Micro, February 1987 









Circle 299 on Reader Service card. 



Listing continued 

1400 FOR C=0 TO 3:LOCATE 7-C, 28+C: PRINT CHRS (219) ;: LOCATE 7-C.48 

+C:PRINT CHR? ( 219 );: LOCATE 7-C, 56+C :PRINT CHRS (219 );: NEXT 
1410 LOCATE 3,32:PRIMT STRINGS (21 , 220) ;: LOCATE 8,27:PRINT STRING 

$(21,223) :LOCATE 3,60:PRINT STRINGS (9, 220) ;: LOCATE 8,55:PRI 

NT STRING$(23,223) ; 
1420 FOR C=0 TO 3 : LOCATE 4+C, 69+2*C : PRINT CHRS (223) ; :LOCATE 4+C, 

70+2*C:PRINT CHRS (220) ; : NEXT 
1430 FOR C=0 TO 7:LOCATE 18-C, 6+2*C: PRINT CHRS (220) ;: LOCATE 18-C 

,7+2*C:PRINT CHR$(223) ; :NEXT 'start triangle 

1440 FOR ROW=0 TO 2:FOR COL=0 TO 2.-FOR C=0 TO 1: LOCATE 19+ROW,5+ 

3*C+6*ROW+COL: PRINT CHRS (223-C*3) : NEXT: NEXT: NEXT 
1450 FOR ROW=ll TO 21: LOCATE ROW, 22 .-PRINT CHR$ (219 );: NEXT 
1460 FOR ROW=15 TO 17:LOCATE ROW,26:PRINT CHRS (219) ; :LOCATE ROW, 

49:PRINT CHRS (219) ;: NEXT 'Start circle 

1470 FOR C=0 TO 1: LOCATE 14-C, 27+C: PRINT CHRS (219) ;: LOCATE 14-C, 

48-C:PRINT CHR$ (219) ; : LOCATE 18+C, 27+C:PRINT CHRS (219) ;: LOC 

ATE 18+C,48-C:PRINT CHRS ( 219) ;: NEXT 
1480 LOCATE 13,29:PRINT CHRS (223) ;: LOCATE 12,30:PRINT CHR$(220); 

STRINGS(2,223) ;CHR$(30) ; STRINGS (3, 220) ;CHR$(219) ;STRING$(2, 

223) ;CHR$(219) ; STRINGS ( 3, 220) ;CHRS(31) ; STRINGS (2 , 223) ;CHR$( 

220) ;CHR$(31) ;CHR$(223) ; 
1490 LOCATE 19,29:PRINT CHRS (220) , -CHRS ( 31 ), -CHRS (223) ; STRINGS (2, 2 

20);CHR$(31) ; STRINGS ( 3, 223) ;CHR$ (219) ; STRINGS (2, 220) ;CHR$ ( 2 

19) ; STRINGS (3, 223), -CHRS (30) ; STRINGS (2, 220) ;CHR$(223) ; CHRS (3 

0) ;CHR$(220) ; 
1500 FOR ROW=17 TO 18:LOCATE ROW,51:PRINT CHR$ (219 ) ; : NEXT:LOCATE 
16,52:PRINT CHRS (219) ;CHR$ (223) , -CHRS (30) , -CHRS (219) , -CHRS (22 

3) ;CHR$(30) ;STRING$(3,220) ; STRINGS (12, 223) ; STRINGS (3, 220) ;C 

HRS(31);CHR$(223) ;CHR$ (219) ;CHR$ ( 31) ;CHR$(223) ;CHR$ (219 ) ; 
1510 FOR ROW=17 TO 18:LOCATE ROW,78:PRINT CHRS (219) ;: NEXT ROW:LO 

CATE 19,52:PRINT CHRS (219) ;CHR$ (220) , -CHRS (31) ;CHR$ (219) , -CHR 

$(220) ;CHR$(31) ; STRINGS ( 3, 223) ; STRINGS (12, 220) ; STRINGS (3, 22 

3) ;CHR$(30) ;CHR$(220) ;CHRS(219) ;CHRS(30) ;CHR$(220) ;CHRS(219 

); 
1520 LOCATE 6, 12 : PRINT"1" ; : LOCATE 9,8:PRINT "RECTANGLE" ;: LOCATE 

6, 39: PRINT" 2 ";: LOCATE 9, 31 :PRINT"PARALLELOGRAM" ; : LOCATE 6,6 

6: PRINT" 3": LOCATE 9,60:PRINT "TRAPEZOID"; 
1530 LOCATE 19,18:PRINT"4":LOCATE 22, 11 :PRINT"TRIANGLE" ;: LOCATE 

19,38:PRINT"5":LOCATE 22, 35 :PRINT"CIRCLE" ;: LOCATE 19,65:PRI 

NT"6"; :LOCATE 22, 62 : PRINT"ELLIPSE" 
1540 INPUT"Select by number "; SHAPE 
1550 IF SHAPE<1 OR SHAPE>6 THEN PRINT"Must be between 1 and 6":G 

OTO 1540 
1560 RETURN 



'* 7317 

'* 8703 

'* 5482 

'* 5492 

'* 7023 

'* 3569 

'* 5554 



11944 



9894 
2702 



'* 4975 
'* 716 



End 





This is the 

disk that meets 

or exceeds every 

standard of quality. 

Not all floppy disks are 
created alike. Some are 
better than others. To find 
what's best for you, look for the Gold 
Standard seal. It's your assurance that 
Maxell disks meet or exceed every 
definition of quality. For every computer 
and that specifically includes yours. Each is backed 
by a lifetime warranty. Maxell. Accepted everywhere, without reservation. 



What separates us from our competition? Simply a combination of the best service 
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1050 E. MAPLE RD. • TROY, Ml 48083 
(313) 589-3440 



WATCH 
FOR 
OUR 
NEW 1986/87 
CATALOG 



xTCADcut$100 



CROSS-SECTION 




xT.CAD Professional by Microdex: 
Computer Aided Drafting software for 
technical production and education. 
Create, edit, modify precise drawings, 
details. Features include overlays, grids, 
cursor snap, zoom, pan, block copy, 
enlarge, reduce, rotate, mirror, clip, 
merge, text labels, more. Requires hi-res 
screen and RS-232 interface. Output to 
pen plotters. Input from keyboard, or 
optional digitizer or mouse (yes, also on 
Models III and 4, see below). Friendly, 
competent support since 1984. Software 
is backup-free. Was $345 in 1986 catalog. 
MODEL III (48K) $245.00 

MODEL 4 4p 4d (64K) $245.00 

MS/DOS computers (256K, fast!) $195.00 



xT.CAD Bill of Materials by Microdex: 
Software utilizes text labels from xT.CAD 
drawings in combination with user's 
master lists to automatically generate 
invoices, parts requests, shipping lists, 
etc. Includesa mini-editorforcustomizing 
of output to line printers. 
MODEL 4 4p 4d or MS/DOS $ 45.00 

Grafyx Solution by Micro-Labs: Easy to 
install board provides hi-res for Models 
lll/4/4p/4D similar to Radio Shack boards. 
Includes popular GBASIC software and 
manual. In addition to xT.CAD supports 
many other graphic programs. 
MODEL III (512x192 pixels) $195.00 

MODEL 4 4p 4d (640x240 pixels) $195.00 

Mouse Interface by Micro-Labs: Black box 

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programs. 

MODEL 1114 4p4d $125 00 

Write or call for details. 

MICRODEX CORPORATION 
1212 N. Sawtelle 
Tucson AZ 85716 

602/326-3502 




80 Micro, February 1987 • 57 



Circle 411 on Reader Service card. 




MONTEZUMA 
MICRO 



PRESENTS 






MONTE'S TOOLKIT $49 

REQUIRES: Montezuma Micro CP/M' 2.2 version 2.21 + 

Monte's Toolkit is a collection of utilities that will prove useful to every owner of Montezuma Micro CP/M (you all are owners, aren't 
you?). It's a disk full of programs that perform functions that are difficult, cumbersome or expensive to do any other way. Monte has 
tried, in his own way, to briefly explain each function for you below. Read on and be saved. 



DOUBLECROSS'" allows unlimited file transfers between CP/M ' , 
IBM-DOS and Model 3/4 LDOS" /TRSDOS'- with unsurpassed 
ease and speed. In fact, you can move just about anything from any 
disk to any other disk but you might have to make changes for pro- 
gram operation. Lotus 1 23 ' just flat won't run on your Model 3 and 
I doubt that you could ever modify Scripsit" enough to run on the 
IBM. Simple menus guide you through the operation with minimal 
keystrokes. Just tag the files you want in the directory display and 
go. You won't get doublecrossed with DBLCROSS. 

FREEFORM^ formats and backs up Model 3/4 LDOS/TRSDOS and 
IBM MS & PC- DOS (versions 1 .x, 2.x and 3.x), both single side and 
double side plus there is a special "clone" copy when you just don't 
know or care what you have. Just insert a disk and copy away. All 
you have to know about the disk is how to get it into the drive. The 
Analysis feature lets you look at and print the actual structure of a 
disk - even the ones with "funny" formats. 

WSPR lets you print to almost any printer using almost any control 
code. It's nearly magic and does a whole lot more than I can talk 
about here including letting you print anything your printer can print. 



FILEFIX 1 * gives you the ability to "fix" your "files" by adding line- 
feeds when your files are going from CP/M or IBM-DOS to LDOS/ 
TRSDOS or take them away if you are transferring the other way. 
You can remove the control codes from a WordStar' document 
thereby converting it to a non-document file. The fix will also fix up 
Scripsit files so they can be used by CP/M and IBM-DOS based 
wordprocessors (you know - the real ones). All this is accomplished 
with the use of simple menus and boy, it is fast. 

SYS2M requires 128K and our CP/M. The CCP and the BDOS are 
moved to drive M and the BIOS is modified to allow a Warm Boot 
from Drive M. So what you say. Well, you still have to have a disk 
in drive A but it no longer has to have the CP/M system resident. It 
can be anything. This little jewel copies frequently used programs 
to drive M and searches there first for all program requests result- 
ing in much faster program loading. Slick isn't it? 

AUTO is a little goodie that lets you issue multiple commands from 
the command line. Eliminates the pain of Submit. As in all the other 
parts of MONTE'S TOOLBOX, complete and comprehensive in- 
structions are included and it's available right now. 



mm 



NtONTEZUftAA 
MICRO 



PRESENTS 

MONTE'S WINDOW 




WINDOWS ON 
YOUR MODEL 4! 



is©m 



CALCULATOR 



REQUIREMENTS 






I28KRAM 




INUtX 

Pop Up Menus!, 

$49 



Easy to Use! 




A touch of the keyboard opens a window in your screen for - 
a Note Pad. an Appointment Calendar, a Calculator, even a 
Mini Data Base. All yours for just S49! Need RAM? Monte's 
Christmas gift to you - 64K and the window, both for $99! 

Once Upon A Time, 

Monte Zuma, our Founder, President and King, has always had trouble keeping his desk 
organized. The Sidekick" Irom Borland International would solve the problem, but alas, it 
was not available tor CP/M'. So Monte asked his tavonte nephew, the legendary LaMont 
E. Zuma (distant cousin to Rondo Talbot, a direct descendant ot Monte Zuma hissell) to 
work on the problem as best he could during recess at the home. LaMont, a true legend in 
his own time, really outdid himselt this time. A touch ot both shitt keys halts your 
application program in its tracks and up pops Monte's Window" ready to use. What 
could be simpler? Put an end to the tumbling and pawing around the pile ot papers on your 
desk. You will lind Monte's Window" indispensable. When you are tinished, break back 
to your application program and it resumes without error. Monte's Window" is truly a 
breakthrough. See tor yoursell - Look through Monte's Window" on your Model 4. How 
did you ever get along without it? See the page opposite lor order intormation. Monte's 
Window" is available right now. 




NtONTEZUtAA 
MICRO 

PRESENTS 

MONTE'S BASIC 

Your TRSDOS BASIC (01.01.00) will work the same, 
for the most part, under CP/M as it does under 
TRSDOS. However, for the most part isn't good 
enough. But, with some changes provided by our 
BASCON 1 - program, you can be 1 00% compatible with 
the standard BASIC used with CP/M. True, you lose 
some of the TRSDOS BASIC features while gaining 
new features such as FILES, NULL, RESET, etc. BAS- 
CON alters your TRSDOS BASIC, which was included 
with your Model 4 when you bought it, so that it will 
function under CP/M. You must have the unaltered 
original TRSDOS BASIC as above in order to convert 
with BASCON. The program operation is fully auto- 
matic and quick. The resulting BASIC runs any CP/M 
2.2 BASIC program that previously required 
MBASIC'. Programs written for TRSDOS BASIC may 
require modification to run correctly under the con- 
verted BASIC. Fully compatible with MBASIC. We 
even provide for additional documentation that is 
keyed by page number to your TRSDOS BASIC man- 
ual. MONTE'S BASIC is available right now. A ja 

' Copyright 1985 by Montezuma Micro. All Rights Reserved, t^ ^^ 



58 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 524 on Reader Service card. 



Can we talk? CP/M vs TRSDOS 



By moving to CP/M on your Model 4 you 
achieve two things. First you open the door 
to a wealth of existing software. More 8-bit 
software runs under CP/M than any other 
operating system. This includes virtually all 
of the "big name" programs which have set 
the standards by which all others are mea- 
sured. Programs like WordStar, dBASE II, 
and Turbo Pascal are available for CP/M, but 
not TRSDOS. Public domain software, 
almost unknown under TRSDOS, fills hun- 
dreds of megabytes of disk space. Valuable 
public domain programs like the Small C 
Compiler are just a toll-free phone call away. 
Most importantly, hundreds of applications 
programs are available from a multitude of 
vendors. Many include the source code. 
Wouldn't you like to be able to choose from 
scores of Accounts Receivable or General 
Ledger programs, instead of the meager 
selection you now have? Circle our special 
Reader Service number 600 on the Reader 
Service Card to receive our comprehensive 
free listing of suppliers of application pro- 
grams that run under CP/M. 
What about the future? 

When the time comes to move up to another 
computer it will almost certainly use MS- 
DOS. That's when CP/M users get a pleasant 
surprise. Since MS-DOS was a derivative of 
CP/M it operates in almost the same manner. 
Even better, most of the same software pack- 
ages are available in 16-bit form and they 
operate in virtually the same way that they 
did under CP/M. 

Is it easy to use? 

Montezuma Micro's CP/M has been carefully 
crafted to present a maximum of features 
while taking a minimum of memory. It sup- 
ports all of the standard features of the 
Model 4/4P/4D computers, as well as most 
of the optional ones. Our CP/M has been 
consistently been awarded the highest rat- 
ings in industry magazines. It is version 2.2, 
the most popular and reliable of all the ver- 
sions of CP/M produced. Our CP/M has 
been made as easy to use as possible. All 
customer-selected features are chosen from 
simple menus in our CONFIG utility. This 
includes the ability to configure a disk drive 
to run like that of scores of other CP/M com- 



puters for maximum ease of software 
portability. Using the unique DBLCROSS 
program in our Monte's Toolkit utility pack- 
age you can move files back and forth 
between CP/M, TRSDOS (1.3 and 6.x), and 
MS-DOS. 

Why use Montezuma CP/M? 

We have already told you why our CP/M is 
the best for the Radio Shack Model 4 com- 
puter. The only question left to answer is 
"Why buy CP/M at all?" Radio Shack has 
abandoned TRSDOS — all of their new 
machines use MS-DOS. Most of the soft- 
ware producers have followed, leaving no 
new software development and saddling the 
TRSDOS user with whatever software "left- 
overs" he can find. Which DOS do you want 
to head into the future with: the one originally 
written for the Model I or the one that served 
as the basis for MS-DOS? Make the right 
choice right now for just $169. 

If I need support? 

We don't forget you after the sale. If you have 
a problem you will find our phones are 
answered by people, not answering 
machines or hold buttons. Our philosophy is 
very simple — we want you to be happy and 
satisfied with your purchase. If you have a 
problem then we have a problem, and we'll 
do whatever we can to resolve it. 

Cost to update? 

Our owners are protected against instant 
obsolescence by our lifetime upgrade policy. 
At any time you can return your original CP/M 
disk to be upgraded to the latest version free 
of charge, except for a small shipping and 
handling fee. Periodically we publish NEW 
STUFF, a newsletter for registered users of 
Montezuma Micro CP/M. This publication 
carries news about new products, tips for 
getting more out of CP/M, and other valuable 
information for our users. It is sent free of 
charge to registered owners. 
Can I use a hard disk drive? 

CP/M hard disk drivers are available for 
Radio Shack, Aerocomp, and most other 
popular brands of hard disk drives. These 
drivers allow the hard drive to be partitioned 
into one to four logical drives of varying sizes. 



These drives may all be used by CP/M, or 
may be divided between CP/M and 
TRSDOS. A head-parking utility is included 
on the driver disk to minimize the risk of 
damage when the hard disk drive is not in 
use. Also included at no charge is a utility 
which will copy, compress, list, print, and 
delete files with ease. There isn't much you 
can say about a driver. It either works or it 
doesn't. Ours works supremely and it only 
costs $30. 

Hard disk backup? 

Unlike the high-priced, underpowered 
backup utilities available for backup of 
TRSDOS hard drives, our CP/M HARDBACK 
utility makes the backup of a hard disk to 
floppies quick and painless. Only HARD- 
BACK gives you the choice of backing up the 
entire drive or only those files which it knows 
have been changed since the last backup. 
Daily backup is no longer a chore, since only 
new data must be copied. With HARDBACK 
you can quickly restore an entire drive, or 
only a single file if necessary. Only HARD- 
BACK will perform a complete check of the 
hard disk drive and lock out tracks which 
have become flawed to prevent the use of 
those tracks for later data storage. Add this 
supreme program to your hard disk for just 
$49. Isn't your time and data worth it? 

Specs? 

Size of Transient Program Area (TPA): 
56,070 bytes in a 64k system. 55,046 bytes 
in a 63k system (with optional hard disk 
driver). CP/M IOBYTE: Fully implemented. 
Device Drivers: Disk (35, 40, 77, & 80 track, 
single/double density single/double sided, 3, 
5, or 8 inch. (More than 85 disk formats sup- 
ported) Maximum Disk Capacity: 40T 
SS = 220k, 40T DS = 440k, 80T DS = 880k 
RS-232: All word lengths, parity, & baud 
rates. Parallel Printer: With or without line- 
feed and/or formfeed. Video: 24 by 80 with 
reverse video. Keyboard: Full ASCII with 9 
function keys. RAM Disk: 64k, automatic on 
128k systems. Hard Disk: Optional drivers 
available at extra cost for most popular mod- 
els. Standard CP/M programs included: 
ASM, DDT, DUMP, ED, LOAD, MOVCPM, 
PIP, STAT, SUBMIT, SYSGEN, and XSUB. 



Order Information 

Give us a call now with your order and we will ship immediately. Prices 
include delivery to your door in the lower 48 States including APO/ 
FPO. All others please add an amount commensurate to shipping 
requested. Any excess will be refunded. Credit cards will not be 
charged before we ship your order. The suitability of software 
selected is the responsibility of the purchaser as there are NO 
REFUNDS ON SOFTWARE. Defective software will be replaced 
upon it's return, postpaid. 

The toll-free lines are for orders only. 
Specifications/prices are subject to change without notice. 



Montezuma CP/M: Model 4 version 2.30 $ 169 

The following items require Montezuma CP/M 2.2 version 2.20 or later. 

Optional Hard Disk Driver (specify exact hard drive) $ 30 

HARDBACK $ 49 



ORDER NOW ... TOLL-FREE 

800-527-0347 

800-442-1310 



U.S.A. 




MONTEZUMA 
MICRO 



We Keep You Running' 



For Information: 
214-631-7900 
P.O. Box 224767 
Dallas, Texas 75222 
U.S.A. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 59 



UTILITY 



by Debbie Cooper 



Changing of the Guard 

Now you can choose a file's 
attribute byte from the directory. 



An MS-DOS file's attribute byte spec- 
ifies the allowable file operations. 
You must designate it while creating the 
file and live with your choice. With my as- 
sembly-language program. File It. you can 
change attributes at the directory. 

File It works with the three most useful 
attributes: read only, hidden, and normal 
(archive). A read-only file allows exactly 
what its name implies— programs and 
DOS commands can't be used to delete 
from it or add to it. A hidden file is invisible 
from the directory, while a normal file ap- 
pears in the directory and can be read 
from and written to. Three other attri- 
butes—system, volume label, and subdi- 
rectory—are used infrequently, so I 
haven't included them in the program. 

Better Attributes 

To create the program, type in and as- 
semble Program Listing 1 with your edi- 
tor/assembler. Be sure to create a COM file 
using the MS-DOS EXE2BIN utility. (If you 
don't have an editor/assembler, use Pro- 
gram Listing 2. a Basic program that cre- 
ates File It for you.) 

To begin execution, type FILEIT at the 
MS-DOS prompt. After the copyright no- 
tice appears, the program asks you to en- 
ter the name of the file you want to 
change. You can specify a file name stored 
under a subdirectory by inserting the sub- 
directory name and a backslash (\) before 
the file name. 

Next, the program asks you to choose 
the new attribute by pressing the R. H. or 
N key. It then performs the change. 

How It's Done 

Since File It is short. I wrote it as a COM 
file, which is shorter and faster-loading 
than a regular EXE program and must fit 
inside a 64K memory segment. In follow- 
ing the rules for creating COM files. I 
didn't use data. code, or stack segments. I 
wrote the program as one segment con- 
taining embedded data definitions. 



System Requirements 

Tandy lOOO 
128KRAM 

Editor/assembler (optional) 



60 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



At the CHDOS label, the program 
makes sure the MS-DOS version being 
used is 2.0 or higher. If it isn't, an error 
message appears and control returns to 
the operating system. 



File It works 
with three 
attributes: read 
only, hidden, 
and normal. 



The INT 09H function call then dis- 
plays the copyright message pointed to by 
the DX register. The file name you enter 
is converted to an ASCIIZ string (an ordi- 
nary string ending with a zero byte). To 
perform the conversion, the program gets 
the number of bytes from the FILESP + 1 



input buffer and loads them in the 8-bit 
BL register. It then uses a pointer from the 
start of the input buffer to the end of the 
file name (mov (filesp + bx + 2].0) to con- 
struct the ASCIIZ suing. 

An Inkey routine gets the new file at- 
tribute, which is returned in the AL reg- 
ister and converted to uppercase for easier 
comparison. At the Read label, the pro- 
gram loads the DX register with the file 
name's address, the AH register with 
subfunctlon 43H (which changes the at- 
tribute), the AL register with the set func- 
tion (01H). and the CX register with the 
read-only (01H) attribute. Finally, the pro- 
gram executes a DOS call via the INT 21H 
instruction and performs the actual mod- 
ification. The same technique is used for 
the hidden (02H) and normal (20H) attri- 
butes, which are also loaded in CX.l 

Contact Debbie Cooper at 2466 IV. 
13th Ave.. Vancouver. British Columbia 
V6K 2S8. 





Program Listing 


I. Assembly version of File It. 


;FILEIT 


.ASM 


- file attribute 


change utility 


;<c> 1986 by 


Deborah L. Cooper 


codesg 


segment 

assume cs: codesg 






org 


100h 




begin: 


jrop 


start 




cmsg 


db 


0dh,0ah 






db 


■File Attribute Change Utility ' ,0dh, Bah 




db 


•<c> 1986 by 


Deborah L. Cooper ' ,Bdh, Bah, ' $' 


msg 


db 


0dh,0ah 






db 


'Enter name 


Df file to change> ','$' 


amsg 


db 


0dh,0ah, 'New 


attribute <R>ead <H>idden <N>oimal ','5' 


dmsg 


db 


0dh,0ah,07h, 


'Error - you must have MSDOS 2.0 or greater' 




db 


0dh,0ah, 'to 


use this utility' ,0dh,0ah, '$' 


filesp 


db 


99 


.•maximum filespec length 




db 


? 


.-actual length 




db 


100 dup(?) 


; filespec entered by user 


start: 








chdos: 


mov 


ah,30h 


;get MSDOS version we are using 




int 


21h 


;call dos 




crop 


al,2 


;is it 2.0 or higher? 




jb 


doserr 


;go if not 




lea 


dx/cmsg 


;point to copyright message 




roov 


ah,09h 


,-display function 




int 


21h 


,-call dos 




lea 


dx,msg 


;point to filename prompt 




mov 


ah,09h 


; display function 




int 


21h 


;call dos 




mov 


dx, offset fi 


lesp;point to input buffer 




mov 


ah, Bah 


j line input function 




int 


21h 


;call dos 




roov 


bx, offset fi 


lesp+1 




roov 


al, [bx] 


;get actual t bytes entered 




cmp 


al,0 


;was a filespec entered? 




je 


exit 


;exit program if none there 




jmp 


cont 


;else process it 


doserr : 


lea 


dx,dmsg 


;dos version error message 




mov 


ah,09h 


;display function 




int 


21h 


jcall dos 


exit: 


mov 


ah, 4ch 


; terminate program function 




int 


21h 


;call dos 

Listing 1 continued 



Listing 1 continued 








cont: 


roov 


bl,filesp+l ;now make this filespec 






irov 


bh,0 


;an ASCIIZ string 






mov 


[f ilesp+bx+2] ,0;ending in a zero byte 






lea 


dx,amsg 


.•prompt for attribute 






mov 


ah,09h 


;display function 






int 


21h 


;call dos 




inkey : 


irov 


ah,00h 


;wait for inkey 






int 


16h 


;call bios 






and 


al,5fh 


;amke it uppercase 






cmp 


al, 'R' 


;read only? 






je 


read 


;go if so 






cmp 


al, 'H' 


; hidden? 






je 


hide 


;go if so 






cmp 


al, "N" 


; no r ma 1 ? 






je 


norm 


; go if so 






mov 


al,07h 


;else sound a bell 






mov 


ah,0eh 


;dispaly function 






int 


10h 


;call bios 






jmp 


inkey 


;back for more 




read: 


mov 


dx,of f set 


filesp+2 






n'ov 


ah,43h 


.•change attribute function 






mov 


al,01h 


;to set a new attribute 






mov 


cx,01h 


;read only attribute 






int 


21h 


.•call dos 






jmp 


exit 


;and quit 




hide: 


mov 


dx, offset 


filesp+2 






mov 


ah,43h 


.•change attribute function 






mov 


al,01h 


;to set a new attribute 






mov 


cx,02h 


.•hidden attribute 






int 


21h 


;call dos 






jmp 


exit 


;and quit 




norm: 


mov 


dx,of f set 


filesp+2 






mov 


ah,43h 


.•change attribute function 






mov 


al,01h 


;to set a new attribute 






mov 


cx,20h 


;normal attribute 






int 


21h 


;call dos 






jmp 


exit 


;and quit 




codesg 


ends 
end 


begin 




End 



Program Listing 2. Basic version of File It. (See p. 96 for information on using 
the checksums in this listing.) 



10 REM program to create FILEIT.COM 

20 OPEN "FILEIT.COM" AS #1 LEN=1 
30 FIELD #1,1 AS AS 
40 FOR X=l TO 458 
50 READ B% 
60 LSET A5=CHRS(B%) 
70 PUT #1 
80 NEXT 
90 CLOSE: END 

100 DATA &hE9,Cfh37,6hl,&hD,&hA,&h46,&h69,&h6C,&h65,&h20 
110 DATA Sh41,&h74,sh74,&h72,&h69,&h62,&h75,&h74,&h65,&h20 
120 DATA &h43,&h68,&h61,&h6E,ih67,&h65,&h20,&h55,£,h74,&h69 
130 DATA s,h6C,&h69,&h74,&h79,&hD,&hA,&h3C,£ih63,&h3E,&h20 
140 DATA &h31,&h39,&h38,&h36,&h20,&h62,&h79,&h20,&h44,&h65 
150 DATA &h62,&h6F,Sh72,sh61,&h68,ih20,&h4C,&h2E,&h20,sh43 
160 DATA &h6F,&h6F,&h70,&h65,&h72,&hD,&hA,&h24,&hD,&hA 
170 DATA ih45,&h6E,ih74,&h65,&h72,&h20,Sh6E,ih61,&h6D,ih65 
180 DATA &h20,&h6F,&h66,&h20,&h66,&h69,&h6C,&h65,&h20,&h74 
190 DATA &h6F,&h20,&h63,&h68,&h61,&h6E,&h67,&h65,&h3E,&h20 
200 DATA &h24,&hD,&hA,&h4E,&h65,&h77,&h20,&h61,&h74,&h74 
210 DATA &h72,&h69,4h62,sh75,&h74,&h65,&h20,&h3C,&h52,&h3E 
220 DATA &h65,&h61,&h64,&h20,&h3C,&h48,&h3E,&h69,&h64,&h64 
230 DATA ih65,&h6E,&h20,sh3C,&h4E,&h3E,sh6F,&h72,&h6D,&h61 
240 DATA &h6C,&h20,&h24,&hD,&hA,&h7,ih45,£,h72,&h72,sh6F 
250 DATA &h72,&h20,&h2D,&h20,ih79,sh6F,&h75,&h20,sh6D,ih75 
260 DATA &h73,&h74,&h20,sh68,&h61,&h76,&h65,&h20,&h4D,£,h53 
270 DATA &h44,sh4F,&h53,&h20,6ih32,sh2E,sh30,&h20,&h6F,&h72 
280 DATA ih20,&h67,s,h72,&h65,&h61,&h74,£,h65,6,h72,&hD,&hA 
290 DATA Sh74,Sh6F,&h20,&h75,Sh73,Sh65,Sh20,sh74,&h68,&h69 
300 DATA &h73,&h20,&h75,&h74,&h69,&h6C,&h69,s,h74,&h79,&hD 
310 DATA &hA,&h24,&h63,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
320 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
330 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
340 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0.&h0 
350 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
360 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
370 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
380 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
390 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0.&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
400 DATA &h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0,&h0 
410 DATA Sih0,&h0,ih0,&h0,ShB4,jih30,ihCD,sh21,sh3C,S,h2 
420 DATA S,h72,&h23,&h8D,ahl6,&h3,&hl,ihB4,&h9,8ihCD,Sh21 
430 DATA &h8D,£ihl6,&h44,&hl,&hB4,Sh9,&hCD,Sh21,ShBA,ShD4 
440 DATA ihl,&hB4,SihA,&hCD,Sh21,shBB,ihD5,&hl,ih8A,tih7 
450 DATA &h3C,&h0,Sh74,&hB,&hEB,&hD,sh90,&h8D,&hl6,&h8F 
460 DATA &hl,&hB4,&h9,&hCD,&h21,&hB4,&h4C,&hCD,&h21,S,h2E 
470 DATA Sh8A,&hlE,&hD5,Shl,ihB7,Sh0,&h2E,&hC6,&h87,ihD6 
480 DATA &hl,&h0,&h8D,&hl6,&h65,&hl,&hB4,&h9,&hCD,&h21 
490 DATA 4hB4,Sih0,ihCD,&hl6,&h24,&h5F,&h3C,Sh52,6,h74,Sihl0 
500 DATA Sh3C,Sih48,&h74,&hlA,6,h3C,Sih4E,&h74,&h24,&hB0,&h7 
510 DATA &hB4,&hE,&hCD,Shl0,&hEB,&hE6,&hBA,&hD6,&hl,&hB4 
520 DATA &h43,&hB0,&hl,&hB9,&hl,&h0,&hCD,&h21,ShEB,ShBF 
530 DATA &hBA,&hD6,&hl,&hB4,&h43,&hB0,&hl,&hB9,&h2,&h0 
540 DATA &hCD,&h21,&hEB,&hBl,&hBA,&hD6,&hl,&hB4,&h43,&hB0 
550 DATA S,hl,4hB9,Sh20,Sh0,&hCD,Sh21,ShEB,ShA3 



2814 
1911 
1009 

981 

552 
1081 

500 

455 

784 
3264 
3363 
3386 
3335 
3354 
3395 
3244 
3414 
3395 
3413 
3296 
3390 
3393 
3452 
3260 
3404 
3376 
3389 
3290 
3393 
3358 
2918 
2791 
2792 
2793 
2794 
2795 
2796 
2797 
2798 
2790 
3122 
3254 
3353 
3258 
3315 
3364 
3368 
3207 
3373 
3375 
3409 
3304 
3221 
3436 
2747 
End 



ENHANCE 

YOUR 

TANDY 



The Full House will expand 
your Tandy 1000 to its full 
I/O and memory configur- 
ation for only $ 3 1 5 . 

Features: 

2 parallel ports (Centronics) 
2 serial ports (RS2 3 2) 
Real Time clock/calendar 
Memory, up to 512K 
DMA Controller 



The Full House is actually a 
combination of two boards 
that can be joined into one. 
You have the option of buy- 
ing either the I/O or memory 
section first and later com- 
bining the two without 
using an additional slot. 
Each can also be used 
separately. 



Full House i/o $170 

Full House Memory (256K) $130 

Full House Memory (512K) $165 

Full House Combination $315 

(512K) 
Shipping & Handling $6 

Dealer inquiries 
welcome. 

Mastercharge/Visa accepted. 

To order, in California call: 
800 626-9541 ext. 1131 

Elsewhere: 

800 452-4445 ext. 1131 



Call now to get the value 
and flexibility that nobody 
else offers. 

SJS Engineering 
P.O. Box 998 
Millbrae, CA 94030 

Circle 297 on Reader Service card. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 61 



UTILITY 



by David Goben 



Switching Station 

Gain memory by moving between RAM banks in Model III mode. 



Yes. you can switch banks in the 
Model HI mode on a 128K Model 4. 
In this kind of switching, data isn't ex- 
changed between banks; each bank re- 
tains its data. The bank you select is 
switched into the addressable mode while 
the previous bank is switched into the un- 
addressable mode. 

Banking Regulations 

Bank switching is best used in machine- 
language programs, since Basic requires a 
high-memory setting of 7FFF hexadeci- 
mal (hex). Anything higher will be 
switched out when a new bank is selected. 

You use port 84 hex (132 decimal) to 
switch banks (bits 4. 5, and 6 correspond to 
the three banks). For normal operations, re- 
set bit 6 to zero. This ensures that addresses 
0000-7FFF hex. which contain the ROM 
and DOS. will not be switched out. 

Set bit 5 to switch in one of the alternate 
32K banks; reset it to select the normally 
resident, primary upper bank (zero). With 
bit 5 set. bit 4 designates which of the al- 
ternate 32K banks is switched into use in 
the 8000-FFFF hex-address range. 

Making the Transaction 

Type in the Program Listing with an ed- 
itor/assembler and assemble it with a 
name such as SELBNK/CMD. To use the 
program from DOS ready, type SELBNK 
followed by a space and a zero. 1, 2. or 
question mark (?). The digits indicate the 
chosen bank, while the question mark re- 
quests a display of the current bank num- 
ber. To select bank 2. for example, enter 
SELBNK 2. 

You can use Debug to verify that bank 
switching has taken place. First, display 
the memory above 8000 hex; from there, 
modify the memory to display a particular 
character or sequence. Leave Debug, se- 
lect a different bank, and display the se- 



System Requirements 

Model 4 (Model m mode) 

128KRAM 
TRSDOS 1.3 

Editor/assembler 



62 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



lected bank's memory above 8000 hex to 
verify that the switch has been made. 
Leave Debug again, switch back to the 
first bank, and verify that the modified 
data has been switched back in. 

Use lines 1 1 10-2040 in your programs 
as a subroutine. Lines 1 160-1310 explain 



how to set up the various options. Once 
you have set the required registers, type 
CALL BANK to change the bank.B 

You can contact David Goben at 67 
Highland Road. Mansfield Center, CT 
06250. 



Program Listing. Bank-switching demonstration program. 



00100 
80110 

00120 
00130 
00140 
00150 
00160 
00170 
00180 
00190 
00200 
00210 
00220 
00230 
00240 
00250 
00260 
00270 
00280 
00290 
00300 
00310 
00320 
00330 
00340 
00350 
00360 
00370 
00380 
00390 
00400 
00410 
00420 
00430 
00440 
00450 
00460 
00470 
00480 
00490 
00500 
00510 
00520 
00530 
00540 
00550 
00560 
00570 
00580 
00590 
00600 
00610 
00620 
00630 
00640 
00650 
00660 
00670 
00680 
00690 
00700 
00710 
00720 



; 

MAIN 



PERR 
GOOD 



BANK SWITCHING DEMO 
by David Goben 

for 128R Model 4 in Model III mode 

Demonstration of Bank Selecting on a 128K Model 4 
in the Model III mode. Please note that 
program lines 1110 through 2040 are designed 
to be contained in a memory-resident program. 
To use the banking routines in your own pro- 
grams, delete lines 100-1100 and 2050-2060, 
and merge it with your own program. 

Remember to maintain this portion below address 
8000H complete. Also remember to maintain your 
stack area below 7FFFH. 





EQUATES 






DSPLY 


EQU 


021BB 


/display a message 


EXIT 


EQO 


402DH 


;D0S exit 


CR 


EQU 


000DH 


jcarriage return 




ORG 


7E00H 




; 


MESSAGE 


AREA 




MSGl 


DEPB 


10 


;line feed 




DEPM 


'Bank 


Selection Demo — by David Goben' 




DEPB 


10 






DEFB 


CR 




MSG2 


DEPM 


'Bank 


■ 


BANKX 


DEPM 


'0 is 


now available. ' 




DEPB 


CR 




MSG3 


DEPM 


'Current Bank is t ' 


BANK? 


DEPM 


'0.' 






DEPB 


CR 




MSG4 


DEPM 


'This 


Bank is already selected.' 




DEPB 


CR 




MSG5 


DEPM 


'Parameter Error. Select 0,1,2 or ?' 




DEPB 


CR 




MSG6 


DEPM 


'Stack 


pointer above 7PPFH. Aborting!' 




DEPB 


CR 





MAIN 
PUSH 
LD 
CALL 
LD 
ADD 
BIT 
LD 
JR 
POP 
LD 
CP 
JR 
LD 
INC 
LD 
CP 
JR 
LD 
JR 
LD 
CP 
JR 
CP 



entry to demonstration program 



BL 

HI,, MSGl 

DSPLY 

HL,$-$ 

BL,SP 

7,H 

HL,MSG6 

NZ,0UTMSG 

BL 

A, (HL) 

CR 

Z,PERR 

B,A 

BL 

A, (HL) 

CR 

Z, GOOD 

HL,MSG5 

OUTMSG 

A,B 

•?• 

Z,CRNT 

•0' 



;save data pointer 

;sign on 

;test stack pointer 

;to see if it is above 

;7FFFH. 

;set up in case 

; is l Abort 

;else get pointer 

;get byte there 

;bad if CR 

;elae save data 
jsee if next is CR 



;data is good so far 
; indicate bad stuff 
;out it and exit 
jget data byte 
;bank check? 
;yes, return 
; check range 

Listing continued 



Circle 378 on Reader Service card. 



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ZUCKERBOARD is a registered trademark of Advanced Transducer Devices Inc. 

Tandy 1000/1200 are Trademarks of Radio Shack, a Division of Tandy Corporation. 

All prices subject lo change without notice due to fluctuations in the chip market. 



Circle 449 on Reader Service card. 








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Listing continued 








00730 




JR 


CPERR ;bad data 


00740 




CP 


131 


00750 




JR 


NC,PERR 


00760 




SUB 


30H ;drop ASCII offset 


00770 




LD 


B,A ;save value 


00780 




LD 


A, (BNKSAV) ;see if already there 


00790 




CP 


3 ;been selected before? 


00800 




JR 


NC,RELl ;no, ignore next 


00810 




LD 


HL,MSG4 ;set up if same 


00820 




CP 


B ; equal? 


00830 




JR 


z, OUTMSG ;yes, indicate so 


00840 


RELl 


LD 


a,b ;get bank number 


00850 




LD 


(BNKSAV), A ;set new bank 


00860 




ADD 


A,30H ;add ASCII offset 


00870 




LD 


(BANKX),A ;set to message 


00880 




LD 


C,B ;set up for bank select 


00890 




LD 


A,0 ; select bank and return 


00900 




CALL 


BANK .-perform subfunction 


00910 




LD 


HL,MSG2 ;show what has happened 


00920 


OUTMSG 


CALL 


DSPLY ;display message 


00930 




JP 


EXIT ;exit to dos 


00940 


.******************************************************** 


00950 


; 


display 


current bank 


00960 


CRNT 


LD 


A, (BNKSAV) ;get current bank 


00970 




CP 


3 ;been used yet? 


00980 




JR 


C, $+3 ;yes, display it 


00990 




XOR 


A ;no, indicate Bank 


01000 




ADD 


A,30H ;add ASCII offset 


01010 




LD 


(BANKY),A ;apply to message 


01020 




LD 


HL,MSG3 ;display current bank 


01030 




JR 


OUTMSG 


01040 








/ 






01050 


BNKSAV 


EQU 


$ ;bank data save area 


01060 




ORG 


BNKSAV+1 


01070 














01080 


; What follows is the banks selection routines. Delete 


01090 


;all of 


the above data to apply these subfunctions to 


01100 


;your own programs which will use then banking functions. 


01110 


; @@@§§§a@@@@@@§@@@@§§§@@@e§e@a@fa@faa@@aa@e@§@e@@@@a@@@@Qaa 


01120 


;Bank switching 


routine — by David Goben 


01130 


;For the Model 


III mode Model 4 with 128K 


01140 


;@e§§@@@a§@@@@@ea§aa§§Bafa@@aa@aa@@a@§@e§aaaa@ae§§@§a@@a§§ 


01150 


1 






01160 


;On entry, regi 


sters AF, BC, and HL are used. BANK is 


01170 


.•accessed by issuing CALL BANK, with the proper registers 


01180 


;set* The definitions for the registers follow: 


01190 


; 






01200 


if 


A=0 


:Select BANK and return to caller 


01210 






:C=BANK number 0, 1, or 2 (0=normal bank) 


01220 


; if 


A=l 


: Select BANK and go to HL address 


01230 


; 




:C»BANK number 


01240 


; 




:HL=transfer address 


01250 


; if 


A«=2 


:Return to previous calling BANK address 


01260 


; 




:This returns to a PREVIOUS A=l or A=2 


01270 






: operation. 


01280 


; if 


A-3 


:Return current Bank number in register A 


01290 








01300 


l On 


exit from operations 0,1, and 2, the previous bank 


01310 


; number 


is returned in register A. 


01320 


j ******************************************************** 


01330 


BNKSEL: 


EQU 


84H ;bank select port 


01340 


SETIMG 


DEFB 


;port 84H image 


01350 


;N0TE: 


If using 


in Model 4 mode: Change above line to: 


01360 


; SETIMC 


EQU 


78H ;TRSDOS 6 port 84H image 


01370 


BANK 


EQU 


$ ;bank select routine 


01380 




CP 


2 ; return to previous BANK call? 


01390 




JR 


Z,0P2 ;yes, go to it 


01400 




CP 


3 ; check legal values 


01410 




JR 


C, BANKA ;ok 


01420 




JR 


Z,OP3 ;if checking bank number 


01430 




LD 


A, 255 ;home-brew illegal op error flag 


01440 




AND 


A ;set NZ error state 


01450 




RET 




01460 


BANKA 


LD 


B,A ;save operation 


01470 




LD 


A,C ;check bank select code 


01480 




CP 


3 ; banks 0-2? 


01490 




JR 


C, BANKB ;yes, ok 


01500 




LD 


A, 254 ;home-brew illegal bank error 


01510 




AND 


A 


01520 




RET 




01530 


BANKB 


LD 


A,B ;get operation 


01540 




CP 


1 j set type operation flag 


01550 




JR 


C,OP0 .-operation zero 


01560 
01570 








; Select 


BANK 'C 


1 and go to HL transfer address 


01580 


OP1 


LD 


A,C ;get memory bank 


01590 




LD 


(OLDBNK+1) ,A 


01600 




LD 


(OLDRET+l),HL 


01610 
01620 
01630 


;now fall into 


next routine 


; Select 


previous BANK and go to called address 


01640 


OP2 


LD 


(HLSAVE+1),HL ;save HL value 


01650 


OLDRET 


LD 


HL,$-$ ;get old address 


01660 




LD 


A,H 


01670 




OR 


L 

Listing continued 



64 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 267 on Reader Service card. 



Listing 


continued 












01680 




JR 


NZ, OLDBNK 


;ok if address present 






01690 




LD 


A, 253 ;home-b 


rew no previous select 






01700 




AND 


A 








01710 




RET 










01720 


OLDBNK 


LD 


C,0 


;get desired bank 






01730 


CURBNK 


LD 


A,0 


;get current bank 






01740 




LD 


(OLDBNK+l),A 


;save as old 






01750 




LD 


A,C 






' 


01760 




LD 


(CURBNK+1) ,A 


;set new current bank 






01770 




EX 


(SP),HL ;set 


transfer addr, get return 






01780 




LD 


(OLDRET+1) ,HL 


;save it 






01790 


HLSAVE 


LD 


HL,$-$ 


;get HL value back 






01800 
01810 


;Fall into next operation 








', 












01820 


; Select 


BANK 


and return to call 


er 






01830 


OP0 


INC 


C 


;init for bank select 






01840 




LD 


A, (SETIMG) 


;get port 84H image 






01850 




AND 


8FH 


;make out bits 4,5,6 






01860 




DEC 


C 


;bank desired? 






01870 




JR 


Z , SETBNK 








01880 




SET 


5, A 


;set up for bank 1 






01890 




DEC 


C 


;bank 1? 






01900 




JR 


Z, SETBNK 


;yes 






01910 




SET 


4, A 


; set for bank 2 






01920 


SETBNK 


DI 




;disable interrupts 






01930 




LD 


(SETIMG) ,A 


;set new port image 






01940 




OUT 


(BNKSEL) ,A 


; select new bank 






01950 




EI 




.•enable interrupts 






01960 




XOR 


A 


;set Z flag for ok 






01970 




LD 


A, (OLDBNK+1) 


; return old bank number 






01980 
01990 




RET 


;normal return 


or go to selected address 


















02000 


;return 


current bank number 








02010 


OP3 


XOR 


A 


;set Z flag for ok 






02020 




LD 


A, (CURBNK+1) 


;get current bank 






02030 




RET 










02040 
02050 


;END OF 


BANK 


ROUTINE 




















02060 




END 


MAIN 




End 



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80 Micro, February 1987 • 65 



UTILITY 



by Christy Gemmell 



Inner Vision 

Page through memory on your Model 4 
with this dynamic-memory monitor. 



I bought my Model 4 after 
cutting my programmer's 
teeth on a Color Computer. 
Though the move to TRSDOS 
was mostly for the better, I 
missed being able to switch 
any part of memory into video 
RAM— a CoCo feature that 
helped me learn about 6809 ar- 
chitecture. With it. I could page 
through memory in 512-byte 
steps, observe programs while 
they ran, watch the activity of 
the stack, examine the ROM 
hook area in low memory, and 
see the contents of bytes 
change. 

I wanted to duplicate this fea- 
ture on my Model 4, but it 
wasn't quite so easy. Model 4 
video isn't memory-mapped in 
the usual sense: It occupies a 
separate 2K block of dedicated 
RAM, which is bank-switched to the 
screen. The video isn't normally accessi- 
ble to Basic or machine-language pro- 
grams except through console-display 
statements. 

A solution came to me after reading a 
Hardin Brothers article on Model 4 super- 
visor calls (SVCs) in which he explains 
how to use the ©VDCTL SVC to examine 
video memory (see The Next Step. July 
1984. p. 170). With the help of that article, 
and the ©VDCTL-driver routine it in- 
cluded, I wrote Dynaram, a dynamic-mem- 
ory monitor for the Model 4. It lets you page 
through Model 4 memory in IK blocks 
while the display is continuously updated 
(see the Photo). The program is written in 
Basic and machine code; it runs under 
TRSDOS 6.0, 6.1, and 6.2. Memory above 
EOOO hexadecimal (hex) is protected. 

Bytes Before Tour Eyes 

When you run Dynaram (see the Pro- 
gram Listing), it displays a IK block of 
your computer's memory in a grid that is 



TRS-88 Hodel-4 Re»l-Time Hwory Monitor 



8123456789812345678981234567898123456789612345678981234567896123 

8888 b 01BEVE Level-AHbasic..un4/bis (b=55295) 

P.i* *=.D»'.E.MB 8848 

8128 '.EP=.DDfl'.E.P=.DHfl'.EJI. .6'..PI...(J'...pl...(|'..JI...ft' . 8886 

8192 Q.QQ. SunMonTueHedTrwFriSatJanTebMarrVrKaifJurJulAugSepOctNovDec 88C8 

8256 ?-. e!./.s4!..Ai.'.8.{8.r..hhwss A*|.(.|.(.fiE.I(1 8188 

8328 €.W fl1.».?ffl.llMt.tF(.iB«V...J , .JFg...>.»lfVBft.*^i.o 8148 

8384 A#M ( :|J (..8§S,.?(. =J (u| 8 |.(n|.«f .U.('|.(o|.«l.(l 8188 

" '■*• IB . . £ .(ffA(j. ;A»* S | .*•♦ .> . .X : 1 . tjjjjm- . *?1 . W . B1C8 

■/ MliH.f .a.X7£>. H {B.!J 6V»... 5.*W 



System Requirements 



Model 4 

64KRAM 
Disk Basic 



66 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



"W|.<§ ..KIM'WnW !t.= |f./8M.?8.: 0K(.Tl..5.0o :«i|83C8 



| 8123456789ftBCDEFei23456789flBCDEF0123456789ABCDEF8 , 123456789flBCKFl 



Photo. Dynaram lets you view a IK block of memory. 



64 columns wide by 16 rows deep. An in- 
dex frames the grid and lists the offset ad- 
dress of each row in decimal and hex 
notation. At the bottom of the screen is the 
message "RAM page 1." The 64K Model 4 
has 64 such pages, numbered zero to 63. 
RAM page 1 is located between 1024 and 
2047 decimal. 

At first glance, you might think the dis- 
play is completely static (page 1 is usually 
a quiet part of memory), but if you look 
carefully, you'll observe changes in one or 
two of the characters. These are the Model 
4's character representations of the ASCII 
values contained in those locations; a 
change means that the contents of the 
bytes have changed. (To find the actual 
value at a particular address, refer to the 
ASCII character chart in your TRSDOS 
manual or break out of the program and 
peek the address. Press the Q key to quit 
Dynaram.) 

Press the up-arrow key. This puts you 
on page zero, the beginning of memory. 
Pressing the up-arrow key moves the dis- 
play backward in memory; pressing the 
down-arrow key moves the display for- 
ward. Notice that the paging is circular. If 
you try to move below page zero, you'll 
find yourself back at page 63. 

If you know where you want to go, you 
can move about in memory more quickly 
by pressing the P key and typing in a page 
number. Try typing in P and the number 
32; then press enter. This puts you at the 



start of the Basic work space, 
where you can view Dynaram as 
it is stored in memory. Page for- 
ward a few screens (36) with the 
down-arrow key until you find 
the variable area at the end of 
the program. Watch the con- 
tents change as you press keys. 
Further on, your RAM is 
probably empty, except for the 
remains of previous programs 
you might have run. Eventu- 
ally, however, you'll come 
across another turbulent region 
when you meet the program 
stack (RAM page 53). At the very 
top of memory, you'll find the 
area where TRSDOS stores resi- 
dent modules and device driv- 
ers. If you use a keystroke- 
multiply table, this is where 
you'll find it. You might have 
trouble recognizing it. as the as- 
signment strings are stored backward. 

Not all byte values can be displayed on 
screen. Values below 32 (20 hex) translate 
as control codes: in order to keep the dls 
play intact, the program replaces them 
with periods. 

Putting It on Screen 

The Basic program is simple. Its pri- 
mary purpose is to draw the display tem- 
plate and process user input. I swiped the 
input routine in lines 560-790 from 
Jose E. Anaya's article "Restricted Entry" 
(80 Micro, May 1985. p. 70). The two 
string-formatting functions are from 
Lewis Rosenfelder's book Basic Faster 
and Better (Blue Cat Inc.. 1985). 

The real work is done by the two ma- 
chine-language routines stored as Data 
statements at the end of the program. I 
adapted the first from Hardin Brothers' 
©VDCTL-driver routine. It uses @VDCTL 
SVC functions 5 and 6 to move a 1.920- 
byte block of data between video RAM and 
a memory buffer located at ECOO hex. 

The second routine copies a IK page of 
memory (starting at an address supplied 
by Basic) to the buffer. From there it is 
transferred to the screen. This two-stage 
process provides a continuously updated 
window into your computer's memory. 

An alternative might have been to 
move the blocks of memory directly to the 
display, but I chose the former method for 
two reasons. First, the ©VDCTL SVC only 






Circle 133 on Reader Service card. 



addresses memory between 23FF and 
ECOl hex, cutting out some of the most 
interesting areas of RAM. Second, I 
needed to filter out control codes and re- 
arrange the format of the block so as to fit 
it into the display template. 

Dynaram does not give you a guided 
tour of RAM. and I confess that much of 
what it uncovers is still a mystery to me. 



But the program can help you develop in- 
sight by opening up the inner workings of 
your computer for observation. ■ 

Christy Gemmell is a computer in- 
structor with the British Youth Training 
Scheme. Address correspondence to 22 
Peake Road, Northflelds, Leicester LE4 
7DN, United Kingdom. 



1006- J 



Program Listing. Dynaram. (See p. 96 for information on using the checksums 
in this listing.) 

IB CLS:CLEAR,SHE0BB:PRINT CHR$ (15) ; :DEFINT A-Z:0PTI0N BASE 1 '* 3784 

20 DEF FNPL$(A$,A)=LEFT$(A$+STRING$(A,32),A) 'Left Justify •* 2528 

30 DEF FNPR$(AS,A)=RIGHTS(STRING$(A,32)+A$,A) ' Right Justify String '* 2618 

40 BUFFER=SHEC00:DIM C0DE(8) :G0SUB 670' Install 6VDCTL SVC Driver '* 2336 

50 RAM=SHE000:MCODE=&HE002:GOSUB 710' Install RAM Copier Routine '* 2171 

60 R=1024:POKE RAM,R-INT(R/256) *256 :P0KE RAM+l.R/256 '* 3104 
70 T$=-012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789 

0123" •* 3732 

80 H$=" + + + + + 

+— " '* 3241 
90 U$="0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF01234567 89ABCDEF0123456789AB 

CDEF- •* 4107 

100 F$=- | | | | | | I — 

•* 3845 

110 L$=CHR$(149) :R$=CHR$(170) :B$=CHR$ (191) :PT$-CHRS (95) :P=1 '* 3303 

120 NU$="0123456789 " :BS$=CHR$ (8) :CR$=CHR$ (13) •* 2504 

130 PRINTS (0, 20), "TRS-80 Model-4 Real-Time Memory Monitor"; •* 4444 

140 PRINT§(1,0),CHR$(188);STRING$(78,140);CHR$(188); •* 2975 

150 PRINT§(2,8) ,TSj:PRINTg(21,8) ,U$; '* 2120 

160 FOR Y=2 TO 21:PRINT§(y,0),B$;:PRINT8(Y,79) ,B$;:NEXT Y '* 3506 

170 PRINTe(22,0),CHR$(143);STRING$(78,140);CHRS(143) j '* 3011 

180 PRINT8(1,7) ,CHR$(156);:PRINT§(1,72),CHR$(172); •* 2865 

190 FOR Y=2 TO 21 :PRINT§ (Y,7) ,L$; :PRINT§ (Y,72) ,R$; : NEXT Y '* 3535 

200 PRINT§(22,7),CHR$(141);:PRINTe(22,72),CHR$(142); •* 2951 

210 PRINT§(3,8),H$; : PRINT? (20, 8) ,FS; '* 2090 

220 PRINT§(23,8) ,"Page Addresses : Dec"; :PRINT? (23,50) , "Hex"; '* 4293 

230 PRINTg(23,67),">"j '* 1210 

240 RESTORE 740 •* 917 

250 FOR Y=4 TO 19 '* 981 

260 READ D$,H$:PRINT@(Y,2),DS; :PRINT§ (Y, 74) ,H$; '* 2861 

270 NEXT Y •* 625 

280 GOSUB 700' Move Display Template to High Memory Buffer '* 753 

290 PRINT§(23,13) ,";: PRINT USING"##" jP; '* 2358 

300 SA1»P*1024:SA$=STR$(SA1) :EA!=SAI+1023:EA$=STR$ (EAI ) '* 3122 

310 EL=LEN(EA$) : IF EL>1 THEN EAS=RIGHT$ (EA$, EL-1) '* 2899 

320 PRINT§(23,34) ,FNPR$ (SAS,6) ; " - ";FNPL$ (EA$,6) ; '* 2767 

330 SH$-=HEX$(SA!) :EH$=HEX$ (EA! ) '* 1770 

340 PRINT§(23,54),FNPR$(SH$,4);" - ";FNPL$ (EH$,4) ; '* 2781 

350 PRINT§(23,69) ,CHR$ (14) ; :G0SUB 700 '* 2149 

360 POKE RAM,SAl-INT(SA!/256)*256:POKE RAM+l,SA!/256 •* 3052 

370 R5-INKEY5 '* 785 

380 IF R$»CHR$(11) THEN P=P-1:G0T0 440 •* 2214 

390 IF R$«CHR$(10) THEN P=P+1:G0T0 440 '* 2212 

400 IF R$-"Q" OR R$="q" THEN 500 '* 1784 

410 IF R5»"P" OR R$«"p" THEN 470 '* 1789 

420 GOSUB 7 20: GOSUB 690 '* 1384 

430 GOTO 370 '* 682 

440 PRINT CHR$(15);:IF P<0 THEN P=63 '* 2146 

450 IF P>63 THEN P«0 '* 1163 

460 GOTO 290 '* 686 

470 PRINTg(23,13)," "; : PRINT? (23, 13) ,CHRS(15) ; : VDS=NU$:LM-=2 '* 3427 

480 GOSUB 590:P»VAL(BF$) :IF P<0 OR P>63 THEN 470 '* 2856 

490 GOTO 290 '* 689 

500 PRINT§(22,0),CHR$(14);:END '* 1730 

510 FOR X=l TO 30 '* 969 

520 Z$=INKEY$:IF Z$<>"" THEN X-30 '* 1954 

530 NEXT X '* 623 

540 RETURN . ■* 665 

550 PRINT PT$;:G0SUB 510 '* 1498 

560 PRINT BS$;:IF ZSO" THEN RETURN •* 2256 

570 GOSUB 510:IF Z$="" THEN 550 '* 1763 

580 RETURN '* 669 

590 LN=0:BF$-"" '* 812 

600 GOSUB 550 '* 752 

610 IF Z$=CR$ THEN RETURN '* 1577 

620 IF ZSOBS$ THEN 650 '* 1314 

630 IF LN=0 THEN 600 '* 1140 

640 LN=LN-1:BFS=LEFT$(BFS,LN) .-PRINT BSS; :G0T0 600 '* 3010 

650 IF INSTR(VD$,Z$)=0 OR LN=LM THEN 600 '* 2422 

660 LN«LN+1:BFS»BF$+Z$: PRINT Z$;:GCT0 600 '* 2506 

670 RESTORE 730:FOR 1=1 TO 8:READ CODE(I):NEXT I: RETURN '* 3541 

680 DEF USR0=VARPTR (CODE (1 )) :Q»USR0(0) : RETURN' GVDCTL Video Driver '* 2926 

690 CODE(3)=5:CODE(7)=BUFFER:GOSUB 680:RETURN' Move Buffer to Display'* 2870 

700 CODE(3)=6:CODE(7)-BUFFER:GOSUB 680:RETURN' Move Display to Buffer'* 2863 
710 RESTORE 770:FOR I=MC0DE TO MCODE+58 :READ D:P0KE I,D:NEXT I : RETU 

RN '* 4516 

720 DEF USR1»MCODE:U=USR1(0) : RETURN '* 2314 

730 DATA 3902,1536,0,3584,0,8448,0,-13841 '* 2095 
740 DATA 0000, 0000, 0064, 0040, 0128, 0080, 0192, 00C0, 0256, 0100, 0320, 014 

0,0384 '* 3628 
750 DATA 0180, 0448, 01C0, 0512, 0200, 0576, 0240, 0640, 0280, 0704, 02CB, 076 

8,0300 '* 3681 

760 DATA 0832, 0340, 0896, 0380, 0960, 03C0 '* 1966 
770 DATA 24,2,72,237,221,42,0,224,33,72,237,34,4,224,6,1,14,1,237,9 

1,4,224 '* 3681 
780 DATA 221,126,0,254,32,48,2,62,46,18,221,35,19,12,62,65,185,32,2 

37,237,91 '* 3810 

790 DATA 4,224,33,80,0,25,34,4,224,4,62,17,184,32,214,201 '* 2850 




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80 Micro, February 1987 • 67 



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80 Micro, February 1987 • 69 



DAVE'S MS-DOS COLUMN / by Dave Rowell 



Megamemory Madness 



When RAM-resident utilities, 
RAM-hungry applications, and 
RAM-disk device drivers start pushing at 
your PC compatible's 640K memory 
limit, what can you do? Memory-board 
makers, always anticipating software's 
tendency to fill available space, have de- 
vised bank-switching schemes to ex- 
pand far beyond IBM's 640K memory 
limit. You can fill your computer with as 
many chip-laden 2-megabyte (MB) mem- 
ory boards as you have empty expansion 
slots and available cash. 

I've been using two megaboards (at 
different times) in my Tandy 1000: a 
1MB Master/Card from Automation Fa- 
cilities Corp. (AFC) and a 2MB XRAM 
from PBJ Inc. (See the Product Index for 
price information and vendor addresses.) 
XRAM uses version 3.2 of the Lotus/In- 
tel/Microsoft (LIM) Expanded Memory 
Specification (EMS), a bank-switching 
system that provides up to 8MB of ex- 
panded memory. (AST Research Inc., 
Quadram Corp., and Ashton-Tate have 
defined a competing and more capable 
specification, which is a superset of the 
LIM EMS.) Though Master/Card has its 
own bank-switching system that can 
handle up to 32MB, AFC also offers an 
emulator that simulates the EMS 3.2 in- 
terface. Before I describe the boards, let's 
take a quick look at bank switching. 

Banking Practices 

How do you make many megabytes 
of memory available to a CPU (the 8088) 
that addresses only 1MB? You start with 
a memory board that can electronically 
plug any section of itself into a like-sized 
section of unused addressable memory. 
Called a page frame, this chunk of ad- 
dress space serves as a window into the 
extra memory board. You use the memory 
bank in the page frame until it's filled, 
then signal the memory board (via a spec- 
ified hardware port) to throw a new bank 
of memory into the page frame. The con- 
tents of the old bank of memory are in- 
tact, but they're no longer addressable. 
To read or write that bank you must 
page it back into the page frame. 

Master/Card, for instance, can make 
any one of its 256K banks plug into a 
256K page frame starting at 4000:0000 
hexadecimal (hex) or 256K decimal. Be- 
cause the page frame is in the middle of 




the 640K user-memory space, the com- 
puter (at boot up) uses as standard mem- 
ory the bank of Master/Card memory 
filling that space. XRAM uses 16K mem- 
ory banks addressed through a 64K page 
frame (four pages at once) in system 
memory at D000:0000 hex (832K). 
(Since IBM reserved the D000 memory 
segment for PCjr ROM cartridges, few 
conflicts should exist for this address 
space.) Whereas Master/Card provides 
256K or 512K of standard memory plus 
extra memory, XRAM supplies only ex- 
panded memory. 

Using banked memory is not as simple 
as using standard RAM. A program must 
be designed to use a particular banking 
system, or the extra memory is useless. 
The program must know where in mem- 
ory the page frame is and how to make 
the board switch banks. The program 
must also keep track of which bank 
given data occupies. To simplify the pro- 
cess, and to regulate use of banked 
memory by more than one program at 
the same time, banked-memory boards 
come with a software interface— a device 
driver loaded in Config.SYS. 

By passing command requests to the 
bank-switching interface, an application 
receives memory banks for itself, pages 
its assigned banks as needed, and re- 
leases banks when they are no longer 
needed. The process is similar to disk in- 
put/output (I/O) where files are opened. 



information is read from or written to 
disk through an area of memory called 
an I/O buffer, and the file is closed when 
no longer needed. 

An application doesn't have to keep 
track of where the information is stored 
on the disk or whether another file is 
being overwritten. The operating system 
handles these details. Unlike disk I/O, 
however, switching banks in and out of 
the page frame is almost instantaneous. 
(In fact, both Master/Card and XRAM 
provide fast RAM-disk programs that 
use banked memory.) 

IBM has not sanctified bank switching 
for expanding RAM space, and most pro- 
grams on the market aren't designed to 
use the technique. Lotus and Intel, 
joined later by Microsoft, created EMS 
3.2 with the hope that it would become 
an industry standard. It appears they've 
succeeded, if the growing number of 
EMS-cognizant programs proves any- 
thing. Recent versions of 1-2-3. Frame- 
work II, and Windows, for example, can 
all access the expanded memory pro- 
vided by both XRAM and Master/Card. 

Master/Card Charged 

Engineered by Matthew Electronics 
Inc. and marketed by AFC, Master/Card 
is a multifunction megaboard providing 
an RS-232 port (female), a battery-pow- 
ered clock, and either 512K or 1MB of 
RAM. Master/Card works with PC-/MS- 



70 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 371 on Reader Service card. 



Circle 107 on Reader Service card. 



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80 Micro, February 1987 • 71 



DAVE'S MS-DOS COLUMN 



DOS 2.x or 3.x on PC compatibles. You 
can install it in either a 128K or 384K 
computer (Tandy 1000A, 1000 SX, or 
1200), and it comes with or without a 
direct-memory access (DMA) chip. A 
128K Tandy 1000. of course, requires 
the DMA chip. If you have a 256K 1000. 
you must fill the existing memory board 
to 384K before installing Master/Card. A 
1MB Master/Card installed in a 384K 
1000 leaves you with 768K of bank- 
switched memory. 

Fitting all this hardware on a 10-inch 
board requires a few sandwiches. The 
optional DMA circuitry plugs on near the 
rear of the main board. To remove DMA. 
you pry off this sandwich and flip a dual 
in-line package (DIP) switch. DIP 
switches also configure the RS-232 for 
COM 1 or COM2. A second optional sand- 
wich plugs onto the main board at the 
front end and adds 512K to the 512K of 
RAM already on the board. Master/Card 
fits easily between other boards; the ver- 
tical mounting bracket at the rear of the 
board fits both the 1000 and the IBM PC. 
The rechargeable battery responsible for 
keeping the clock running when your 
computer is off refreshes itself when line 
power is on. 

Master/Card's memory contents are 
not destroyed during a reboot — a feature 
I've had many occasions to praise. Both 
the Master/Card RAM-disk and print- 
spooler software recover completely 
after a reset. This ability is made possi- 
ble by the Master/Card's non-EMS bank- 
ing scheme. 

Master/Card comes with 10 programs 
written by 80 Micro columnist Hardin 
Brothers. Among them is an installation 
program that makes setting up quite 
painless. After determining your mem- 
ory configuration, it asks what options 
(RAM disk, print spooler, and EMS em- 
ulator) you want installed and how 
much RAM to assign to each. You might 
be asked for additional information de- 
pending on the options you select. The 
program sets up or alters Config.SYS 
and Autoexec.BAT as needed, and it 
even sets buffers and files in Config.SYS 
to 10. It explains what is going to happen 
before it happens and always provides a 
way out. No files are changed or created 
until you give the word at the end. 

The heart of the Master/Card system 
is its bank-switching program, through 
which the print spooler. RAM disk, and 
EMS emulator all work. This program 
takes memory requests from other pro- 
grams, then does the dirty work with the 
hardware. A text file on the program 
disk outlines the Master/Card banking 
scheme for programmers who want to 
write their own banking applications. 

The RAM disk, like most, is fast. I 
tested it for speed using the Norton Util- 



A page frame 
serves as 
a window into 
the extra 
memory board. 



ities Disktest as a rough measure. Disk- 
test checked a 256K RAM drive at 3 1 .62K 
per second, the rate of a slow hard drive. 
The RAM drive can use as many 256K 
chunks of banked memory as you have, 
and you can set up several RAM drives if 
you want. The RAM-drive contents are 
destroyed only when the power supply 
to your computer is shut off. 

The Master/Card print spooler, like the 
RAM drive, loads as a device driver. It 
spoon-feeds data to your printer while you 
do other things. If you reboot during print- 
ing, the spooler recovers without losing 
characters. You can set the spooler to take 
up between 1 to 255K. but until Matthew 
Electronics develops more applications 
that can use a partial bank, it effectively 
takes up a whole 256K bank. You can 
run a related program (Spooler.EXE) to 
see the spooler status, flush the buffer, 
or change the spooler parameters any 
time after boot up. The spooler I tested 
did not work on my 1000 under Tandy's 
MS-DOS 3.2. This problem has since 
been fixed. 

The non-system memory space of a 
Tandy 1000 divides into the original 
128K (always the top 128K of user RAM) 
and two banks of 256K. Master/Card 
supplies one or both of the 256K banks; 
it uses the second area for bank switch- 
ing. Matthew Electronics developed the 
Master/Card bank-switching system be- 
fore EMS 3.2 appeared; only Master/ 
Card software, such as the RAM disk and 
print spooler, know how to use it. 

AFC does provide an EMS 3.2 emula- 
tor, however. Any program using EMS 
3.2 can use Master/Card, but the trans- 
lation to the Master/Card banking 
scheme slows things down somewhat. 
To get some idea of the overhead, I tested 
the speed of Microsoft Windows' EMS- 
using RAM drive with the Master/Card 
EMS emulator and then with XRAM's 
EMS driver. Again, I used the Norton 
Utilities Disktest program with the /D pa- 
rameter (also known as the Doran test). 

Using the Master/Card EMS emulator 
with the Microsoft RAM drive set for 128- 
byte sectors, Disktest produced a read- 
ing of .4 1 K per second — 1/1 Oth the speed 
of a 1000 floppy drive. With 512-byte 
disk sectors, speed improved to 1.66K 



per second; if I removed two memory- 
resident utilities, I got a reading of 1 .87K 
per second— almost half the speed of a 
floppy drive. Using XRAM's true EMS, 
and with the Microsoft RAM drive set for 
512-byte sectors, the reading was 
19.42K per second— still slow for a RAM 
disk, but 10 times faster than under the 
Master/Card EMS emulation. 

Disktest is an intensive test ofEMS func- 
tion. A spreadsheet or data base might not 
show such a dramatic slowdown under 
the Master/Card EMS emulation. 

Master/Card also comes with a clock 
program and a fast memory test. The 
clock program either sets the battery- 
powered clock using the current DOS 
date and time, or it does the reverse, set- 
ting the system time from the clock. Put- 
ting the line "MCCLOCK SYSTEM" in 
your Autoexec.BAT file sets the date and 
time whenever you boot up. The mem- 
ory test ran through my 5 1 2K of banked 
memory in 10 seconds. 

Master/Card has a detailed, well-or- 
ganized set of instructions. Its approach 
is friendly, as indicated by the precau- 
tions for avoiding static. You aren't given 
details about what happens when you 
run the installation program, but in- 
structions aren't really needed. 

Matthew Electronics is working on an 
expansion chassis that will let you add 
boards to your heart's content. Maybe 
you can run 32MB on your Tandy 1000. 

XRAM's Account 

PBJ Inc.'s XRAM is a plain-and-sim- 
ple expanded-memory board that holds 
256K to 2MB on one thin card. It's meant 
to be added after you've brought your 
system to 640K through other means. It 
works in all PC compatibles, and PBJ will 
supply mounting brackets for installing 
the board in the 1000A, 1000 SX. 1200, 
3000 HD, or 3000 HL. A pronged plug on 
the side of the board accepts a sandwich 
board that holds another 2MB. The 
XRAM system— boards and software 
driver — can handle up to 8MB. 

The board has a six-levered DIP switch 
for setting port addressing and the num- 
ber of XRAM boards. In the rare event that 
some other piece of expansion hardware 
uses the same port address as XRAM 
(01E0 hex), you can set the switches for 
alternate addresses. Two of the switches 
indicate the board number when you 
have more than one XRAM. If you have 
one board, chances are you won't have 
to touch the switches. 

XRAM comes with an EMS 3.2 ex- 
panded-memory manager (EMM), a RAM 
disk, and a diagnostic program. Both the 
EMM and RAM disk are device drivers 
loaded in Config.SYS. The EMM driver 
checks XRAM's expanded memory dur- 
ing boot up at a rate of 1MB per 10 sec- 



72 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 282 on Reader Service card. 



I MS-DOS COLUMN 



onds. You must load the EMM first for the 
RAM drive to work. You can set up sev- 
eral RAM disks using XRAM's memory. 
RAM disks also use some normal mem- 
ory to store their directories; the default 
is 8K per directory. The RAM drive is 
slightly faster than Master/Card's; a 2MB 
RAM disk gets a reading of 33.6K per 
second under Disktest— almost as fast as 
an XT-type hard drive. 

I was pleasantly surprised by the 
XRAM diagnostic program. It performs 
several types of expanded-memory tests 
and lets you examine the contents of ex- 
panded memory — much as Debug does 
for normal memory. The program also 
provides the framework for testing EMS 
functions: It lets you set up the appro- 
priate CPU registers and then returns 
the EMM result code. A final touch: You 
can change the diagnostic program's 
display colors. 

XRAM's instructions are straightfor- 
ward and adequately detailed (they de- 
scribe safe procedures for plugging in 
the board, for instance). You must add 
one or-^wo device drivers to Config.SYS: 
the EMM program and an optional RAM- 
disk driver. If you're just adding one 
RAM drive that uses all of XRAM's mem- 
ory, you don't have to set parameters in 
Config.SYS for either driver. Also in- 
cluded are instructions for adding your 
own RAM chips to XRAM, along with a 
list of acceptable chips (with part num- 
bers). My XRAM came with 200-nano- 
second, 256K Micron chips. ■ 



Dave Rowell is an 
80 Micro technical 
writer specializing 
In MS-DOS comput- 
ing. Address corre- 
spondence to him 
do 80 Micro, 80 Pine 
St., Peterborough, 
NH 03458. 




Product Index 

PBJInc. 

503 E. 40th St. 
Paterson. NJ 07504 
201-523-8663 
XRAM: $299.95 with 256K. 
$649.95 with 2MB; one-year 
warranty. 

Automation Facilities Corp. 
(AFC) 

6383 Rose Lane 
Carpinteria, CA 93013 
800-543-2233 or 805-684-5464 
Master/Card: $395 with 512K. $555 
with 1MB ($535 without DMA); 90- 
day warranty. 




AND WE SHIP FAST! 

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When you buy a Tandy/Radio Shack product from us the Tandy/Radio 
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80 Micro, February 1987 • 73 



THE ART OF PROGRAMMING / by Bruce Tonkin 



Half Time 



Subroutines that find data items or 
insert them in a particular record 
location are common in business pro- 
grams. In a previous column, I discussed 
random file-access methods that allow 
you to do this. (See Random File Access: 
Reaching for the Record, October 1986. 
p. 140.) 

The method I prefer is hashing. How- 
ever, if you want to insert data in sequen- 
tial order, or if the data is badly 
arranged, then hashing might not be 
suitable (in the latter case, finding a good 
hashing routine takes too much time). 
Another drawback is that hashing 
doesn't allow you to find the next and 
previous records in a file. 

Binary-search routines overcome 
these disadvantages, though sometimes 
at a cost. This month, I'll step through 
the process, review the bonuses, and 
prepare you for the pitfalls associated 
with this programming technique. 

Divide and Conquer 

Binary searches are examples of sys- 
tematic analysis. To find a data item, the 
search routine divides the search area in 
half and checks the midpoint to see if it 
is less than, greater than, or equal to the 
value you are searching for. If the mid- 
point value is less than the value you 
want, your new search area becomes the 
top half (in code, set BOTTOM = 
midpoint). If the midpoint value is 
greater than the value you want, the new 
search area becomes the bottom half (set 
TOP = midpoint). The process continues 
in this fashion until the routine finds the 
value or determines that it doesn't exist. 

Most articles about binary-search rou- 
tines emphasize how easy they are to 
program. My experience is that no other 
routine is so easy to write badly. For ex- 
ample, consider the following list of data: 

A$(l) = "Bob":A$(2) = "Dave":A$(3) = "Eric" 
:A$(4) = "Harry":A$(5) = "Jeff ":A$(6) = 
"John" 

For the purposes of the example, I'll 
adopt the convention that A$(0) = " " 
(this uses no space, and a null string is 
less than anything). The items are in al- 
phabetical order. 



System Requirements 

All systems 
Basic 



^X**,*ir i T 







^- ¥\9: <" { ^\zz£} 



*#&Y <r Aj3a 



m^> 




Suppose you want to find "Bob" in 
this list. To do so. the search routine sets 
the top to 6 and the bottom to zero. Then 
it sets the midpoint — in this case. 3. But 
what if the list had seven items instead 
of six? The midpoint value would be 3.5. 
which Model I and Model m Basic would 
truncate to 3. The version of Basic that 
comes with the Model 4 and newer Tandy 
machines rounds numbers, which means 
the midpoint could be either 3 or 4. That's 
a potential problem. You want a routine 
that works on any machine, not one that 
fails or gives different results depending 
on the language version or the computer 
hardware. 

You could eliminate the problem by us- 
ing integer arithmetic. In this case, the 
midpoint value would be 3. Item 3 would 
be "Eric." which is greater than "Bob." 
The program would then set the top to 3 
and repeat the process. The new mid- 
point would become 1: INT((0 + 3)/2). 
Item 1 would be "Bob," so the search 
would be successful. (On the Model 4 
and on MS-DOS machines, the back- 
slash operator [\] forces integer division. 
The routine would calculate the mid- 
point as [0 + 3]\2 = 1 and get the same 
answer, only much faster.) 

Using integer arithmetic works, so 
what's the problem? To answer that, 
suppose the first item in the list is "Bill." 
The process works fine up to the point of 
the last comparison. The routine sets the 
top to 3 and the bottom to zero, as before. 
It checks item 1 and finds "Bill." Since 
"Bill" is less than "Bob," it sets the bot- 
tom to 1, checks item 2, and finds 



"Dave." "Bob" is less than "Dave," so 
the routine sets the top to 2. The new 
midpoint becomes 1 ([ 1 + 2]\2 = 1), so the 
routine checks item 1 again. Since "Bill" 
is less than "Bob," it sets the bottom to 
1. But the bottom has already been set 
to 1! You're stuck in an infinite loop. 

As long as the data you're looking for 
is actually in the file, the routine works 
correctly. If the data isn't there, the rou- 
tine never returns. Infinite loops are not 
examples of efficient programming, at 
least where searching is concerned. 

Exit, Stage Right 

You have several ways out of the prob- 
lem. You could set a flag variable to be 
zero at the beginning of the subroutine 
and increment it each time the differ- 
ence between the top and bottom values 
is 1. When the flag variable becomes 
greater than 1, the routine returns with 
a "Not found" message. This solution 
isn't very efficient, though. You might 
know the item isn't in the file, but you 
want to know where it should go. 

The routine has another bug: Suppose 
you're looking for "John." In the first 
check, the routine looks at "Eric" and 
sets the bottom to 3. On the second 
check, the midpoint becomes 4 ([3 + 6] 
\2 = 4), and the routine checks "Harry." 
The next midpoint is 5, and it checks 
"Jeff." At this point, the top is 6 and the 
bottom is 5. The next midpoint becomes 
5 ([5 + 6]\2 = 5): but the routine just 
checked 5. \bu're in an infinite loop again. 

The only way out is to put the largest 
conceivable value at the top. This wastes 



74 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 175 on Reader Service card. 



TANDY Model 1000 & MS-DOS 
TRS-80™ Models 1, 3 & 4 SOFTWARE 



SOFTWARE FOR TRS-80™ 
MODELS 1, 3, and 4 Only 



SMALL BUSINESS ACCOUNTING 

with PAYROLL $99.95 

This program is based on the Dome Bookkeeping Record #612 and 
handles bookkeeping and payroll for a small business. Bookkeeper 
provides single entry ledgers with category breakdowns for both income 
and expenses. Monthly, through last month, and year-to-date 
summaries. Fiscal year can start with any month. 

Payroll handles up to 99 employees with automatic computation of 
F.I.C A and federal income tax. State tax and three optional deductions 
also included. Prints both payroll and expense checks on same forms. 
Monthly, quarterly, and yearly summaries as well as automatic 
computation of Form 941 reports and W-2 forms. Simple and easy to 
learn —ideal for first-time computer users. 


TYPITALL Word Processor $69.95 
TYPITALL with Spelling Checker $99.95 

Word Processor upwardly compatible with SCRIPSIT — it reads your 
old SCRIPSIT files and uses the same formatting and cursor movement 
commands. But it is a completely new word processor with many features 
more advanced than SCRIPSIT. SUPERSCRIPSIT, or other word processors. 

Send any control or graphic/special character to the printer. Control/ 
graphic characters included in the text so that you have complete control 
of all features of your printer. Print the formatted text on the screen before 
going to the printer. Send formatted text to a disk file for later printing. 
Merge data from a file during printing. Names, addresses, and other text 
can be inserted during printing. No need for a separate program for "mail 
merge" capabilities. Print while editing (spooling). Assign any seguence 
of keystrokes to a single control key. Call up to 16 help screens at any 
time. Move cursor forwards or backwards by character, word, line, or 
page. Reenter the program with all text intact if you accidentally exit 
without saving the text. Optional spelling checker comes with 29.500 
word dictionary. Verify a 3.500 word document in less than two minutes. 
This is a full-featured word processor - not a demonstration diskl 


MAILING UST $99.95 

Build and maintain mailing lists of up to 32,767 names. Up to five-line 
labels including first and last names, optional second line, address, city, 
state, zip code, and optional fifth line. Optional lines can be used for 
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at your option. Sort or search names by any field. Each name record can 
be associated with up to 1 4 different key groups. File can be printed by 
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hard disk, limited only by disk capacity. 


SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC $69.95 

Is your computer working correctly? Are you sure? System Diagnostic 
has complete tests for every component of your TRS-80 Model 1 , 3. or 4 
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ROM: checksum test. RAM: three tests including every location and 


HOME BUDGET and 
CHECKBOOK ANALYST $59.95 

A complete checkbook program together with budgeting, income and 
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enter deposits, and compute your current checking balance. Program also 
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year-to-date summaries and yearly projections based on data through a 


data value, video display: character generator, video RAM. video signal. 
Keyboard: every key contact tested. Une printer: character tests with 
adjustable platen length. Cassette recorder: read, write, verify data. 
Disk drives: disk controller, drive select, track- seek, read sectors, 
formatting, read/write/verify data with or without erasing, disk drive 
timer, disk head cleaner. Single or double density. 1-99 tracks. RS-232-C 
Interface: connector fault, data transmission, framing, data loop, baud 
rate generator. 


known month. Monthly expenses compared to a pre-established 
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SMART TERMINAL $39.95 

The Intelligent telecommunications program for your TRS-80 Model 
1 , 3. or 4, or Model 2 CP/M. Memory buffer for sending and receiving 
files. Automatic transmission of outgoing data. Automatic storage of 
incoming data. Character translations. True BREAK key. Help screens, 
line feed filters, echo and line printer toggle switches, and more. 


SMALL BUSINESS 
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $299.95 

A complete point-of-sale program for a small business. Handles 
order entry. Invoking, Inventory, and bookkeeping, including 
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Order desk handles order entry and invoicing. Items ordered are 
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Includes up to 999 8-character part numbers ( 1 .999 for MS-DOS). Handles 
both customer accounts and single orders. Invoices printed on forms or 
plain paper and include discounts, sales taxes, and shipping and 
handling charges. 

Bookkeeper keeps general ledger, accounts receivable and payable, 
produces customer statements. General ledger produces monthly and 
year-to-date totals. Receivables tracked to invoices, automatically 
updated as income entered. 

Inventory produces sales and inventory reports showing items in 
stock, amounts sold, monthly rates of sale, and profits. 

Installation tailors program to your business. 


TRS-80 MODEL III 
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE $29.95 

A complete course in assembly language, written for the beginner. 
Contents include: the Z-80 instruction set. ROM and RAM. Using the 
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operations with integers, floating-point and BCD numbers, logical and 
bit operations, cassette input and output. USR subroutines in BASIC. RS- 
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disk operating system 

With the book you also receive Monitor #5, a comprehensive 
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Information and same day orders : 

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Terms: checks. Visa. Master Card, or C O.D 

Shipping and handling S3 00 Canada. Mexico. Hawaii $6 00 

Air mail overseas S 1 7 00 New York residents add sales tax 



THE ART OF PROGRAMMING 



With the BITD 
method, the 
return values 
give no hint 
as to how you 
should insert 
the item. 



space, though, and is a kludge. A null 
string is less than anything you might 
add, but what's the largest value you 
might add? Instead of making the top 
equal the midpoint, suppose you make 
it one less than the midpoint; after all, 
you've checked the midpoint value al- 
ready. Likewise, suppose you make the 
bottom value one more than the mid- 
point. You can return when the top 
equals the bottom. 

The code for this technique might look 
like the sample in Program Listing 1, 
where the maximum (MAX) equals the 
number of items in the list, and FIND$ is 
the name you're searching for. Using the 
routine, let's see what happens with the 
names I listed earlier, only this time. 
"Bill" is first. Again, the name you're 
looking for is "Bob" and the first item 
checked is "Eric." This time, the top 
equals 2 instead of 3. The next item 
checked is "Bill." which is less than 
"Bob." As before, the routine sets the 
bottom to 1 . The next pass sets the mid- 
point to 1 ([1 +2]\2= 1). and the routine 
checks "Bill" again. "Bill" is less than 
"Bob." so the bottom becomes 1; but it 
was already 1 . Once again, you're in an 
infinite loop. 

Now what? You can use the same rou- 
tine but set: 

BOTTOM = REC + 1 

Or you can modify the record number 
so that when the top and the bottom are 
one value apart, the top value becomes 
the midpoint. The routine either deter- 
mines that the top value is the one 
you're looking for or it decrements the 
value until it equals the bottom, forcing 
a return. To do this, you must code in: 

REC = (TOP + BOTTOM + 1 )\2 

To increment the bottom and decre- 
ment the top. your code would look like 
the sample in Program Listing 2. As be- 
fore, the item checked is "Eric." The 
value returned is greater than what 
you're looking for, so the top becomes 2 
and the routine checks "Bill." This is 
less than the value you want, so the bot- 
tom is incremented to 2. Since the top 



Program Listing 1 . Code to make the top one less than the midpoint 


and 


the bottom one more than the midpoint. 




10 


TOP=MAX:BOTTOM=0 




20 


WHILE TOP>BOTTOM 




30 


REC«(T0P+B0TT0M)\2 'note the integer division 




40 


IF AS (REC) > FINDS THEN TOP-REC-1: 

ELSE IF AS (REC) < FINDS THEN BOTTOM=REC: 
ELSE TOP=REC : BOTTOM«=REC 




50 


WEND: RETURN 


End 


Program Listing 2. Code to Increment the bottom and decrement the top. 


10 


TOP=MAX:BOTTOM=0 




20 


WHILE TOP>BOTTOM 




30 


REC=(T0P+B0TT0M)\2 'note the integer division 




40 


IF AS (REC) > FINDS THEN TOP-REC-1: 

ELSE IF AS (REC) < FINDS THEN BOTTOM=REC+l : 
ELSE TOP=REC : BOTTOM=REC 




50 


WEND: RETURN 


End 


Program Listing 3. Code to modify the record number. 




10 


TOP=HAX : BOTTOM=0 




20 


WHILE TOP>BOTTOM 




30 


REC=(T0P+B0TT0M+1)\2 'note the integer division 




40 


IF AS (REC) > FINDS THEN T0P=REC-1: 

ELSE IF A$ (REC) < FINDS THEN BOTTOM=REC: 
ELSE TOP=REC:BOTTOM=REC 




50 


WEND : RETURN 


End 



equals the bottom, the routine termi- 
nates. "Dave" doesn't equal "Bob," so 
you know the name you're looking for 
isn't in the list. 

The other method would be coded as 
shown in Program Listing 3. The first 
item picked is [0 + 6+ 1]\2. or item 
3— "Eric." Since "Eric" is greater than 
what you're looking for, the top is set to 
2. The next midpoint is 1: "Bill" is less 
than "Bob," so the bottom becomes 1. 
The next midpoint is 2 ([ 1 + 2 + 1 ]\2 = 2), 
and "Dave" is checked. Since "Dave" is 
greater than "Bob." the top is set to 1. At 
that point, the top equals the bottom, so 
the routine terminates. 

Both of these methods work, but 
which one is preferable? The answer de- 
pends on your search objective. Suppose 
your objective is to add an item to the 
list if it is not found by the binary search. 
With the bottom-increment and top-dec- 
rement (BITD) method, two possibilities 
might account for an item not being 
found: Either the top value was decre- 
mented to be equal to the bottom, or the 
bottom value was incremented to be 
equal to the top. 

If the item you're looking for is "Jill." 
the BITD method would set the top to 6 
and the bottom to 4 after the first check. 
It would then check entry 5 and set the 
bottom to 6. since "Jeff" is less than 
"Jill." The top would then equal the bot- 
tom, so the routine exits. Both the top 
and the bottom would point to "John," 
item 6. 

If you're looking for "Jane," the BITD 
method would likewise set the top to 6 
and the bottom to 4 after the first check. 



It would then check item 5, only this 
time the top would become 4, since 
"Jane" is less than "Jeff." Again, the 
routine would exit, since the top and bot- 
tom would equal 4. Both would point to 
item number 4. "Harry." 

In the first case, the return values 
pointed to the item before which "Jill" 
should be inserted. In the second case, 
the return values pointed to the item 
after which "Jane" should be inserted. 
The return values give no hint as to how 
you should insert the item; the program 
must do an extra comparison to deter- 
mine if the new item should go before or 
after the item in question. 

BITD, Meet DARU 

Now consider the second method, 
which I call the "divide and round up" 
(DARU) method, since that's what it does 
when finding the midpoint. Again. I'll as- 
sume you're looking for "Jill." The first 
check is item 3. "Eric." That's too small, 
so the bottom becomes 3, and the top 
remains 6. The next midpoint is 5. "Jill" 
is greater than "Jeff," so the bottom be- 
comes 5. This time the program per- 
forms another comparison and sets the 
midpoint to 6 ([6 + 5+ 1]\2 = 6). Since 
"Jill" is less than "John," the top is dec- 
remented to 5. The routine exits with the 
top and bottom both set to 5 and point- 
ing to "Jeff." 

Suppose you look for "Jane." The 
method proceeds as before, up to the 
point where item 5 becomes the mid- 
point. Since "Jane" is less than "Jeff." 
the top is decremented to 4. The routine 
checks item 4 ([3 + 4+ 1]\2 = 4). Since 



76 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 145 on Reader Service card. 



PROGRAMMING 



"Jane" is greater than "Harry," the bot- 
tom is set to 4 and the routine exits. Both 
the top and bottom are set to 4 and point 
to "Harry." 

Using the DARU method, the routine 
exits with the top and bottom indexes 
pointing to the place after which the new 
item should be inserted. You acquire this 
added information at a small cost, how- 
ever. On average, the DARU method re- 
quires one-half a comparison more than 
the BITD method requires for an identi- 
cal list. 

If all you need to do is look for an item, 
and if you need to do many lookups in 
succession, then the BITD method ap- 
pears to be more efficient. On the other 
hand, if your application relies heavily 
on data insertion, the DARU method is 
more efficient. 

Programming decisions are not 
always black and white, however. 
Recently, I wrote a spelling-checker 
program using a B-tree index to store 
words and a binary search to look up 
words. The program stores groups of 
words in 128-byte records. The spelling 
checker is frequently run on floppy 
disks, and the dictionary contains over 
55.000 words. 

With this program, looking up data 
is likely to be more common than in- 
serting data. Even so. I decided to use 
the DARU method. The reason has to do 
with the way the words are packed. The 
first word in each record isn't packed, 
though successive words in the same 
record are. Unpacking words is ex- 
tremely time-consuming. 

The DARU method lets me quickly de- 
termine which record should contain the 
word being looked up without having to 
do an extra comparison, which might 
force an additional disk read. The BITD 
method would only indicate where the 
search failed (as it almost always must). 
On average, for this dictionary I saved 
approximately one-half a disk read for 
each word looked up. 

If you want your software to run fast, 
you must think of these things when you 
design and write it. In my comparisons, 
DARU runs fractionally faster than 
BITD. However, you might want to com- 
pare performances for your application 
before making a decision.! 



Bruce Tonkin Is 
an Independent 
software developer 
and Industry critic. 
Write to him at 
34069 Hatnesvtlle 
Road, Round Lake, 
IL 60073. You can 
also contact Bruce 
through Sysltnk 
and BIX. 




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80 Micro, February 1987 • 77 



— — — ^^-^— 



PUBLIC WORKS / by Ryan Davis-Wright 







Programs in the Key of C 



The C programming language has 
gained a large following in recent 
years. Enthusiasts tout C's portability 
and its highly structured design, which 
encourages modular programming. 

If you haven't used C, you might won- 
der what the fuss is about. This month's 
Public Works gives you a chance to find 
out by pointing the way to a C interpreter 
and a slew of C routines, functions, and 
libraries. As always, the programs men- 
tioned are available on the 80 Micro BBS 
(see p. 10 for BBS information). 

Starting Small 

Small C Interpreter (SCI) is an inter- 
active C interpreter loosely based on 
James Hendrix's Small C. Because it is 
an interpreter, you can run programs 
without going through the sometimes 
lengthy steps (link, compile, edit, fix, 
and so forth) required by a compiler. The 
interpreter includes both a line editor 
and a trace utility (see Table 1). 

SCI assigns memory to the program 
code segment (containing the tokenized 
version of your program code), the vari- 
able table (containing information about 
all active variables), the function table, 
and the memory stack. You can tell SCI 
how much memory to assign each of the 
four code segments. The total, however, 
can't exceed 64K. 

The interpreter imposes certain rules 
for assigning variables. It assumes, for 
instance, that global variables are al- 
ways active. Also, it considers local vari- 
ables active as long as the function in 
which they are declared remains active. 

Functions have constraints, too. A 
function remains active even while it is 
waiting for a called function to return to 
it. Also, each function takes one entry in 
the function table. 

Commands execute through the inter- 
preter's shell, which loads automatically 
when you invoke SCI. The shell contains 
operating-system interface functions. 
You can call a different program as long 
as it duplicates these functions. 

The edit, list, load, save, core (free), 
and exit commands are available from 
the command line and operate like their 
Basic counterparts. All other commands 
pass to the interpreter as arguments. 
You can pass arguments to the shell with 
the -A parameter. All subsequent argu- 




ments then automatically pass to the 
start-up program. 

SCI reserves the keywords break, en- 
try, return, char. if. sys. else. int. and 
while for specific program functions. 
The entry keyword tells SCI which func- 
tion to execute first (usually, loading the 
shell). You can have only one entry to a 
program; if you declare functions and li- 
braries before the entry, SCI considers 
them globally known library functions. 

SCI's line editor is serviceable, though 
it's no replacement for Wordstar. You can 
insert or delete text a line at a time or a 
character at a time. SCI saves text as an 
ASCII file, so you can use your favorite 
word processor instead of the line editor. 

Because it is an interpreter, SCI oper- 
ates differently from standard C compil- 
ers. Statements can terminate with either 
an end-of-line marker or a semicolon. 
Standard C practice is that all statements 
end with a semicolon. Also. SCI state- 
ments must be on one line: Keep your 
statements short and to the point. 

Comments must be preceded by a 
pound symbol (#) and end at the current 
program line. SCI doesn't recognize the 
standard C delimiters (/* and •/); using 
them to bracket comments produces a 
syntax error. Identifiers have a maxi- 
mum of eight characters, with the first 
being either a letter or an underscore. 

SCI supports decimal-integer con- 
stants from - 32.707 to 32.766 and stan- 
dard C notation for integer, hexadecimal 



(hex), and octal. Strings must have null 
(zero) bytes marking their ends. SCI sup- 
ports only int and char data types (char- 
acters equal 1 byte and integers equal 2 
bytes). The interpreter treats int and 
char as signed quantities and supports 
pointers and arrays of both. It also sup- 
ports binary and unary operators. The 
comma operator is a function argument 
and variable separator. 

The trace library function lets you en- 
able o& disable the program trace/debug 
feature. While in trace mode, you can set 
and remove breakpoints, examine and 
modify program variables, and control 
program execution. 

The documentation thoroughly de- 
scribes SCI's library functions, the syn- 
tax for each, and possible variations. A 
lengthy error section details the causes 
and solutions to problems. The docu- 
mentation also explains the differences 
between SCI and Small C. 

Library Research 

MSCTools is a Microsoft C Compiler 
4.0 function library. It gives you func- 
tions for clearing the screen, determin- 
ing the current drive, turning the cursor 
on and off, checking equipment availa- 
bility, framing boxes, checking the cur- 
rent video mode, checking serial status, 
setting the serial port, and rebooting. 
MSCTools has a locate function similar 
to Basic's and a light-pen function. The 
documentation tells you how to link and 



78 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 250 on Reader Service card. 




(TlfiRYmAC 



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PUBLIC WORKS 



compile functions and gives you the 
proper syntax for each. To obtain the 
complete source code, send $25 to the 
author, Lynn Long. 

C- Windows is a set of screen-manipu- 
lation and window-making functions. 
The former let you print, set the color. 



scroll, save, and restore your program's 
screen. The program also includes a 
function for printing horizontal and ver- 
tical bars of characters. With the win- 
dow-making functions, you can define 
as many as 255 windows. The program 
treats each as a separate screen, which 



Command 


Description 


.b# 


Sets a breakpoint at a line in your program. The pound 




symbol (#) represents the line number at which the 




program will halt. 


.B 


Displays set breakpoints. 


.c 


Continues program execution until the next breakpoint. 


.d# 


Deletes the breakpoint at line number #. The breakpoint 




must have been previously set with a . b command. 


.D 


Deletes all breakpoints. 


.e# 


Lets you examine the program with the program editor. 




Disables editor commands that normally modify the 




program. 


•g 


Displays the program's global variables and their values. 




If the variable is an array, its address and the first 10 




elements of the array are printed. 


.G 


Same as .g but also displays the first line and line number 




of every function in the program. 


•q 


Quits program execution and returns to the shell 




program. 


.s# 


Steps through the program without displaying each line 




as it executes. The # is the number of lines to be executed 




before control returns to the debugger. 


.t 


Displays the list of active functions with the current one at 




the top of the list. 


.T 


Same as .t but also displays each function's local variables 




and their values. 


return 


Repeats the last .s or .c command entered. 


escape 


Disables the Trace/Debug facility and continues normal 




execution. 




Table 1 . SCI's Trace/Debug commands. 



Function 


Description 


color( ) 


Sets the default color 


locate! ) 


Positions the cursor on screen 


placet ) 


Prints a single character 


cls() 


Clears the entire screen 


v_bar( ) 


Prints a vertical bar of characters 


h_bar() 


Prints a horizontal bar of characters 


scrollf ) 


Scrolls any part of the screen 


printfl) 


Standard C printf rewritten in assembly 


box() 


Draws a box using double line-drawing characters 


minor_box( ) 


Draws a box using single line-drawing characters 


window( ) 


Makes an exploding box 


save_restore( ) 


Saves and restores portions of the screen 


activate! ) 


Makes a window active on screen 


open_window( ) 


Opens a window 


close_ window( ) 


Closes a previously opened window 


scroll_window( ) 


Scrolls the text inside a window 


locate— window( ) 


Locates the cursor inside a window 


print— window( ) 


Allows you to print in a window 


cls_window( ) 


Clears a window 


move_window( ) 


Moves a window 


color_ window( ) 


Sets the color in a window 




Table 2. C-Windows library functions. 



you can scroll, locate in, color, blank, 
print in. move, open, close, and relocate. 
The program uses a set of primitives to 
call functions (see Table 2). 

\bu can layer windows, one on top of 
the other, and reactivate hidden ones at 
any time. The documentation describes 
how to compile and link functions. The 
syntax for handling color and screen lo- 
cation is similar to Basic's. 

The program comes with a demon- 
stration that displays the results you can 
achieve. Unfortunately, as in other win- 
dow demonstrations I've seen, the au- 
thor goes overboard. Windows flit 
around on screen in a confusing, and 
eventually tiresome, fashion. 

C-Windows was written with Lattice C 
2.12 and I suggest using that compiler. 
If you use a different compiler, you'll 
need to modify the source code. For $30, 
the author, Glenn Boyd, will send you 
the complete source code. 

Graphics is a set of functions for use 
with the Microsoft C Compiler 4.0. Mi- 
crosoft Fortran, or Pascal 3.31. It pro- 
vides mode- and palette-control func- 
tions for simple and complex graphics. 
You can define colors, change screen 
modes, return to the current screen 
mode, locate and move the cursor, clear 
the screen, set pixels, and restore the 
color of pixels. You also can draw colored 
lines, boxes, and circles. The program 
supports both CGA-standard (set by the 
IBM Color Graphics Adapter) and en- 
hanced color graphics (available on the 
Tandy 1000). 

CStuff is a set of assembly- and C-lan- 
guage routines that you can incorporate 
with either the Microsoft or Lattice C 
compiler. The assembly routines must 
be assembled with Microsoft's Macro As- 
sembler. The set includes Poke (for writ- 
ing directly to an area of memory). Peek 
(for retrieving the contents of a memory 
location), Fwrite (for writing directly to 
the screen buffer), and Cursor (for turn- 
ing the cursor on and off). Other routines 
let you turn the caps lock and number 
lock keys on and off. clear the screen, 
find the cursor, and clear to the end of 
the current line. 

The documentation provides only 
brief descriptions of the routines. You're 
not told how to link the routines into 
your programs. ■ 



As a technical 
writer for 80 Micro, 
Ryan Davis-Wright 
covers TRS-80 and 
MS-DOS computers. 
Write to him do 80 
Micro. 80 Pine St., 
Peterborough, NH 
03458. 




80 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 318 on Reader Service card. 



Circle 46 on Reader Service card. 



BASIC Programmers 
"Roll Your own Data Base!' 



Are you lired of trying to write state-of-the-art BASIC programs using the stone-age 
disk tile handling provided by BASIC? Frustrated by working with home-brew file 
indexing schemes that take up half of your program and most of your time? Wish you 
could put your creative efforts into the application instead of working around BASIC'S 
shortcomings? 

NOW YOU CAN! With TSAM/BCI. our unique multi-key indexed file system, you 
can setup and access a powerful data base any way you like - In BASIC! The simple 
and easy-to-use commands are keyed right into your BASIC program code. 
With TSAM/BCI's indexed files, you access records in your data base by the contents 
of a "key" field, instead of by the relative record number (the way BASIC makes you 
do it). YOU decide what your requirements are. and define the files right in your 
BASIC program. All you need to worry about is what you want to do: TSAM/BCI 
takes care of the rest. 



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TSAM/BCI is available NOW for the TRS-80 Models I. III. and IV running LDOS 5.1.x. 
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NO RISK - Money Back Guarantee! After receiving this package, you may examine the 
manual for 30 days: if you are still not convinced that YOU NEED THIS SYSTEM, simply 
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If you program in BASIC and use disk files, you need TSAM/BCI. So get out of the stone- 
age of BASIC'S files and experience true Indexed Files! 

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See our Review in 
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TSAM/BCI and TERASOFT are trademarks of TERASOFT. Inc. 
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LDOS is a trademark of Logical Systems. Inc. 



m 




micro 




TO RECEIVE MORE INFORMATION ON THE PRODUCTS 
AND SERVICES IN THIS ISSUE, PLEASE 'TURN TO 
READER SERVICE CARD. 

I I 



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Now, from The Author that brought you H y porcron. Hyper Zap and Su perC ron comes an 
amazing new program for owners of Tandy 1 000. 1 200. 3000 and true PC compatibles. PC 
Cron-Zap allows you to read all double density TRS-80 type disks on your PC. Not only 
that. PCXZ offers many of the features that TRS-80 owners have long enjoyed with 
Hypercross and Hyperzap. 

PC Croas-Zap is a utility program that runs on your PC or PC-compatible. With it you can 
copy files to or from TRS-80 disks at will. You can also format a disk, copy disks, explore, 
read and write sector data, repair bad directories and much more. Long after your TRS-80 
is gone you will still be able to read your old disks. Even when your TRS-80 disks are gone 
you can continue to use PCXZ to read, fix and modify MS-DOS and other disks so your 
investment will never be lost. 

Formati Supported Model I mixed density. DOS- 3.4. DoubleDOS. LDOS (SOLE). 
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DOS- 4. TRSDOS 6. Max -80: LDOS 5.1. All formats also supported in double sided, 35. 40 
and 80 tracks where appropriate. For 80 track formats you must have an 80 track drive on 
your PC. 
Main Features 

With PCXZ you can format a TRS-80 disk (not the mixed density Model I types). You can 
copy liles from a TRS-80 disk error free, without losing any data. Just like HyperCross 3.0 
you can instruct PCXZ to convert your BASIC files on the fly as they are copied. ASCII and 
word processor text files are converted so they are in the correct format for your PC. 
Copying can be by file or using wild cards. You can also copy files from PC format back to 
your TRS-80 disks. • 

The disk zap. fix and copy features are perhaps the most exciting feature in any program 
ever offered in support of TRS-80 and MS-DOS disk formats. For the first time when you 
examine a disk the program tells you what you are looking at. For instance if you are 
inspecting a directory entry you will be told what each byte means as you move your cursor 
over it. This makes repair and modification a snap because you see the results of the 
change as you make it. Among the many things you can do are: remove passwords, 
rename, delete and undelete files. All is easy with the helpful prompts and action keys of PC 
Croas-Zap. The program comes with a manual that, also for the first time in one place, 
explains TRS-80 and MSDOS disk formats for all the different DOS versions. 
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SPECIAL - any version of TRS-80 Hypercross 50% off with PCXZ!! 
Call for special price for registered Hypercross owners. 

Also for your PC: Xenocopy II 
XenoCopy II from XenoSott runs on your PC and lets you read, write and format up to 275 
different non TRS-80 formats. Included are many CP/M formats, Tandy CoCo. P-System 
disks and many others. 
XenoCopy II file transfer program for the PC $81.95 ppd 

For your TRS-80 I/ III/4/4P/ Max-80! 

HyperCross 3.0 - The Proven Standard In File Transfer! 
Using HYPERCROSS 3 you can COPY tiles between TRS-80 disks and those from many 
CP/Mand IBM-PC type computers on your own TRS-80 Model I. III. 4/4P or Max-80. If you 
have access to more than one kind of computer, or you are changing to a new machine 
then you need HYPERCROSS to transfer your text files. BASIC. FORTRAN PASCAL or C 
programs, Viscalc files, general ledger and accounting files, data bases and even binary 
files. You can FORMAT alien disks, read their directories, copy files to and from them, even 
copy directly from one alien disk to another. 

Formate supported: IBM-PC and MS-DOS compatibles include DOS 1.1. 2.0-3.2 Tandy 
2000. single and double sided. 3.5 and 5 inch. CP/M from Aardvark to Zorba. including all 
popular TRS80 formats such as Holmes. Montezuma, and Omikron. TRS-80 Color 
Computer format also supported. 

HyperCross converts Basic flies Now HyperCross includes a feature to automatically 
change the tokens in a TRS-80 file to the correct format for CP/M or MSDOS. As you copy. 
HyperCross automatically converts the Basic file, putting in spaces, changing PRINT @. 
correcting syntax errors and flagging parts needing manual modification. 
Tried and Tested in 1000s ol installations world wide, by Industry. Universities. Govern- 
ment Institutions and nice TRS-80 owners everywhere. Prices include disk, manual, and 
shipping. Upgrades from any version of HyperCross or SuperCross for old disk+$5+price 
difference ($15 min). 

HyperCross 2.0 for CoCo format (No Basic convert) $49.95 ppd 

HyperCross 3.0 CP/M 40 single sided CP/M formats $49.95 ppd 

HyperCross 3.0 PC with popular MSDOS formats - now only $49.95 ppd 

HyperCross XT/3.0 with 90 CP/M and PC formats $89.95 ppd 

HyperCross XT/3.0-Plus. Now with 220 formats inc CoCo $129.95 ppd 

Specify TRS-80 Model I (needs doubter), III, 4/4P or MAX-80. 
Dual model versions e.g. Mod 3/4 on one disk add $10 extra. 

Amazing HYPERZAP 3.2G Disk Magic! 

Do you want to back up your precious copy of Copycat 3. or SU. Do you want to fix or modify 
a disk - if so then you need HYPERZAPI On the market for 3 years. HYPERZAP is more than 
just another disk copying program - it is the program for analyzing, copying, repairing, 
creating floppy disks of all kinds. It works with TRS-80 formats as well as many others such 
as CP/M, PC, CoCo etc. Designed to handle mixed density sectors on any track in any 
sequence. Many features for reading, writing, editing track and sector data. Hyperzap is the 
tool that lets you be in charge. Make your own seH booting disks. Take you own CMD file 
and turn it into a dual booting Mod 1 /in/ iv disk. Autopilot mode allows learns, saves and 
repeats procedures. Disk comes with fascinating examples. Use Hyperzap as a learning 
tool - find out how things are done! 
HYPERZAP 3.2G - nothing else even comes close! $49.95 ppd 

Arranger II Disk Index System 

World's finest TRS80 disk cataloging system. Now you can find that file when you want it 
Arranger will CATALOG. SORT and FIND up to 1 1 000 files fast! Runs on any Model I. Ill or IV 
and automatically recognized any DOS even double sided. 
Arranger II from Triple D - highly recommended $49.95 ppd 

TMDD for 128K Model 4 NEWDOS users! 
Now NEWDOS-80 V2.0 can use the high 64K memory bank as an extra disk drive. Use it as 
your system drive! Works with Hypercross. no need for DOS drive 0. 
TMDD The Memory Disk Drive for Model 4/4P with 128K $39.9 5 ppd 

HYPERSOFT 

PO Box 51 155. Raleigh. NC 27609 
(919) 847-4779 8 am-1 1 pm EST 




80 Micro, February 1987 • 81 



TIDBIT #41 



Forms Finder (see the Program List- 
ing) sets the Model 4 Forms parameters, 
tests the parameters to establish when a 
top-of-form (TOF) has been called, and 
reads the current settings without leav- 
ing Basic. 

Locations x'C^OO'-x'OSlS' store the 
device index, with 8 bytes for each de- 
vice. Byte 1 indicates if the device can 
handle input, output, or both, and if it is 
active. Bytes 2 and 3 give the address of 
the next device in the bit-stream chain 
(the program outputs to Forms/FLT. 
which outputs to the printer driver). 
Bytes 7 and 8 store the device's two-let- 
ter name (e.g.. PR. FF. or DO). 

To adapt this routine to any other pro- 
gram, delete the CLS from line 20 and de- 
lete line 120. Remove lines 170-420 and 
move the error routine to your own error- 
trapping routine, or remove lines 480- 
5 10 and replace the Goto 480 in lines 80 
and 1 10 with SYSTEM"BOOT". Place 
this routine at the beginning of your pro- 
gram, and when a Forms parameter is 
required, use Peek or Poke to access the 
parameter at address PROW% + offset 
(e.g.. POKE PROW% + 2.54). 

Roy G. Manuell 
Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba 



Program Listing. Forms Finder. (See p. 96 for information on using the 
checksums in this listing.) 



20 CLS: 'Locate Forms Filter 

49 NM$-"FF':NH1S- ,, PR":I1DS- ,, F0RHS FILTER- :MD1$-"PRINTER DRIVER' 

50 FOR L00P%"1 TO 2 

60 IF L00P%-2 THEN SWAP NHS, NMlS: SWAP MD$,MDl$ 

70.L%-518:WHILE LKSONMS 

80 IP L%<789 THEN L%»L%+8 ELSE 480 

90 LK5-CHR5 (PEEK (L%))+CHR$ (PEEK (L%+1)) 

100 WEND:PROW%-(PEEK(L%-4)*256+PEEK(L%-5))+6 

110 IF CHR5 (PEEK (PR0W%))+CHR$ (PEEK (PR0W%+1) ) <>NMl$ THEN 480 

120 PRINT " ••;NMlS;"--> x ' ";HEX$ (PR0W%) ; ■ ' " 

130 NEXT L00P»:PR0W%-PR0W%+6 

170 V%-PEEK(PR0W»+7) 

180 0$-* on":F$«"off 

190 IP V%-0 THEN AD$-F$:FF$-F$:TAS-F$ 

200 IF V%-1 THEM AD$"0$:FF$-F$:TA$-F$ 

210 IF V%-2 THEM AD$»F$:PF$-0$:TAS-F$ 

220 IF V%-3 THEN ADS-0$:FP$-0$:TA$«F$ 

230 IF V%-4 THEN AD$-F$:FF$»F$:TAS=OS 

240 IF V%-5 THEN AD$-0$:FF$-F$:TA$«0$ 

250 IF V%-6 THEN ADS-F$:FF$-0$:TA$«0$ 

260 IF V%-7 THEN AD$-0$:PP$-0$:TA$-0$ 

280 PRINT:PRINT "Forms-x ' ";HEXS(PR0W%) ; ■ ■ " :PRINT 

290 PR$-"\ \«#M" 

300 PRl$-"\ \-\ \" 

310 PR2$-"Xlate-X'\V->X'\\'" 

320 PRINT USING PRS; "page", PEEK (PR0W%) 

330 PRINT USING PR$; "lines", PEEK (PR0W%+2) 

340 IF PEEK(PROW%+8)=0 THEN PRINT USING PR1S; "chars", "off" ELSE 

PRINT USING PR5; "chars", PEEK (PR0W%+8) 
350 PRINT USING PRSj "margin", PEEK (PR0W%+9) 
360 PRINT USING PR? ; "indent ", PEEK (PR0W%+6) 
370 PRINT USING PR1S; "addlf ",AD$ 
380 PRINT USING PRlS; "f f hard",FFS 
390 PRINT USING PR1$; "tab",TA$ 
400 PRINT:PRINT USING PR2$jHEXS(PEEK (PR0W%+4) ) ,HEX$ (PEEK (PR0W»+5 

)) 
420 PRINT:PRINT USING PR$; "prtrow" ,PEEK (PR0W%+1 ) : END 
480 PRINT* (21,0) ,CHRS(16);" "HD$; " not resident. ";CHR$(17) 
500 PRINT'Press any key to continue..."; 
510 ANSS-INPUT$(l):SYSTEM"boot" 



414 
3883 
1134 
2820 
1434 
1922 
2170 
2552 
3527 
1478 
1828 
1205 
1290 
2107 
2109 
2111 
2122 
2115 
2126 
2128 
2139 
1804 

992 
1176 
1182 
2553 
2773 

6801 
2881 
2883 
2131 
2251 
1953 

4198 
3647 
3779 
3249 
2118 




Appfication Program 

4,— 

Unmodified 
DOS Application 

- t4> 

X-VIEW 86 

— t4> 

DOS Debug 

Dynamic Execution 
Information 



X-VIEW 86 profiles the 
execution of DOS software, 
and displays information 
needed to improve program 
performance, identify 
compatibility issues, and 
pinpoint conversion 
problems. 



Circle 522 on Reader Service card. 



X-VIEW 86 



Profiles DOS application software and solves 
problems Debug can't touch. 



X-VIEW 86 is a DOS software X-ray 
machine. 

X-VIEW 86 monitors internal software oper- 
ations during execution to help you debug, 
test, port, or convert programs. X-VIEW 86 
adds new features to Debug to profile either 
your own applications software or top- 
sellers like 1-2-3.® You get fast, reliable 
results. 

Real solutions to technical challenges. 

Save hours of time-consuming, tedious 
work using data from X-VIEW 86's built-in 
reports that identify: 

■ Execution hotspots ■ I/O port references 

■ Segment usage ■ Interrupt calls 

■ Memory map ■ Instruction set 
references usage 

Report information is displayed on screen. 
And new breakpoint commands added to 
Debug stop a program on: 

■ I/O port references ■ Memory data 

■ Interrupt calls references 

Hardware and software requirements. 
X-VIEW 86 runs on the IBM PC and compat- 
ibles with DOS Debug 2.x or 3.x. Even if you 
use a different debugger, X-VIEW 86 turns 
Debug into your program profiler. And it's 
not copy protected. 



Priced at an affordable $59.95. 

Get a whole new outlook on your work with 
X-VIEW 86. We've made it easy: Order 
today by calling 1-800-227-0900; in Califor- 
nia, 800-772-2531 ; or outside the U.S., call 
415-549-6625. We accept Visa, MC, and 
AmEx cards. Or order by writing to: 
Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Software Dept., 2600 
Tenth St., Berkeley, CA 94710. X-VIEW 86 is 
just $59.95 plus sales tax and $3.00 ship- 
ping ($9.00 outside the U.S.). Be sure to 
include credit card number and expiration 
date with mail orders. Orders paid by check 
are subject to delay. 



m 

Osborne McGraw-Hill 

2600 Tenth Street. Berkeley. California 94710 

X-VIEW 88 a a trademark of McGraw-Hill. Inc.. IBM is ■ registered 
trademark of International Business Machines. 1-2-3 is a registered 
trademark ol Lotus Development Corporation 



82 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



/ 







t'& 



/£ 



'a, 



y Aj ; 



The snap-in RAM module that boosts your Model 100 up to 256K 



i 



Here's how we did it. 

We packaged seven 32K RAM banks (224K) on a neat little 
module that snaps into the rear expansion port of your 
Model 100. Now you can have as much RAM memory in 
one Model 100 as eight 32K Model 100s. 

Versatile Memory 

Each of our additional 32K RAM banks has it's own com- 
mand of the software that comes standard in your Model 
100. All of the memory banks can be easily and directly ac- 
cessed from any of the other banks. Transfer your files from 
bank to bank simply by using the function keys. We'll 
even display on the menu screen how many bytes any file 
is when you move the menu cursor over the file name. 

You can really use more memory! 

Most of us have run out of RAM memory at one time or 
another in our Model 100. A . 

Imagine how nice it would 
be to have so much more 
memory in just one Model 
100. Salesmen, journalists, 
scientists, any Model 100 
user can maintain databases 
in some banks while dedi- 
cating other banks to sales 
letters, spreadsheets or other 
programs. For all of you the 
benefit is obvious— you 
carry more data with you in 
one small reliable package. 
(Memory entered in all of 
the additional RAM banks 
are backed up by a six year 
lithium power cell.) 




Circle 470 on Reader Service card. 

Installation's a snap! 

The RAM module simply snaps into the rear expansion 
compartment of your Model 100 and you're ready to go. 
There is no programming required. (The PG Design RAM 
module expands the RAM memory of any Model 100.) 
Order Today 
PG Design manufactures 
many fine memory expan- 
sion products for Tandy 

portable computers. All are ___«. 

guaranteed to work as fl ^^fl A 

promised or your money -^ — 

back. All are built to last. 




1 



Order Today 

64K modules-$300 
128K modules-$425 
224K modules-$575 
(M100) 8K modules-$24.95 ea./3 for $69 

•available for NEC 8201A 

(M102) 8K modules- $ 10.95 
(M200) 24K modules— $75 ea./2 or more, $70 
We accept Visa, Master Card, personal checks and money or- 
ders. We ship within five working days of receiving your order. 
•Tandy is a trademark of Tandy Corp. 

Dealers inquire 



J~==^ DESIGN ELECTRONICS, INC. 

37560 Thirty-one Mile Road, Richmond. Ml 48062 

Call 313/727-2744 




by the Editors of 
80 Micro... 




HERE'S WHAT YOU 
WILL GET... 



I n I ow on disk and ready 
ftAJ for action! A special 
year-end collection of the 
very best programs published 
by 80 Micro in 1986. 
Business programs, utilities, 
graphics, and applications... 
they're the best programs 
from a whole year of the #1 
magazine for Tandy users! 

And as a special conve- 
nience, our tech editors have 
compiled separate Best of 
1986 disks for the Model III 
and Model 4, each with its 
own on-disk documentation. 




The Best 
of 



1986! 




1986 - Model HI: 



Commando - Build macros that let you 
set program parameters with a single com- 
mand and customize DOS commands. 

Trace — Trace and locate assembly 
language bugs. 

Copykey — Copy text from one part of 
your screen to another in Basic and enter 
Basic keywords by pressing shifted letter 
keys. 

Wildcard - Three wildcard utilites for 
copying, killing, and attributing files. 

Easydata — Design a database with 
sorting capabilities. 

Unpatch — Automatically reverses 
patches for removal. 



Index — Set up a commented disk 
directory. 

Precision — Calculate double precision 
mathematical results for an octet of basic 
math functions. 

Microtab — Record and tabulate 
statistical data. 

Makedata — Enter data statements 
automatically for fast entry of machine 
language code from Basic. 

Crypt — Encrypt and decrypt your private 
text code. 

Teaser — Create and solve long division 
puzzles. 

Hamcode — Make your file recoverable 
with a matching parity check file. 



The Best of 1986 - Model 4: 



Sounder — Enhance your Model 4's 
sound capability. 

Basic Data Base Management 

System — Customize your own database 
manager. 

Restored Art - Use this machine 
language subroutine to add graphic com- 
mands to Basic. 

Helper — Create customized help files. 

Extended Command Interpreter - 

Provide multiple commands on a single line 
in DOS and a history of the last ten com- 
mand lines executed. 

Timer — Measure your elapsed computer 
time. 

Diskcat - Catalog up to 800 files in a 
master disk directory. 



Framer - Add Get and Put to your Model 
4 graphic commands. 

Mark 4 - Keep track of school grade 
records. 

Precision — Calculate double precision 
mathematical results for an octet of basic 
math functions. 

Microtab - Record and tabulate statistical 
data. 

Makedata — Enter data statements 
automatically for fast entry of machine 
language code from Basic. 

Crypt - Encrypt and decrypt your private 
text code. 

Teaser — Create and solve long division 
puzzles. 

Hamcode — Make your file recoverable 
with a matching parity check file. 



Send me The Best of 1986 disk(s) for just $21 .45 eachl If I 
order both the Model III and Model 4 versions, I save $5 off 
the total price (2 disks for $37.90)1 

□ Model III □ Model III □ Model 4 

dual drive version single drive version version 

□ Payment Enclosed □ Visa □ AmEx D MC 




Card* 



. Exp. Date 



Signature. 
Name 



Address 



City 



. Slate . 



.Zip. 



Price includes postage and handling. Foreign airmail, please add $1 .90 each 
(US currency). 

Model III and Model 4 are registered trademarks of Radio Shack, a division of 
Tandy Corporation. 2-87SI 

Mall to: Load 80. Elm Street. Peterborough. NH 03468 



i^iia 



^^^ 




ith the holidays right around the corner, 
I The Best of 1986 is just the thing to 
brighten up your favorite Tandy user's 
Christmas! Order today for Christmas gift- 
giving! 

Return the coupon or attached order 
card today, or Call Toll Free 

1-800-258-5473 

In New Hampshire, dial 1-924-9471 



If the space program had advanced 

as fast as the computer industry, this 

might be the 

view from A 

your 

office. 



i 

I, 




And space stations, Martian colonies, and interstellar 
probes might already be commonplace. Does that sound 
outlandish? Then bear these facts in mind: 

In 1946 ENIAC was the scientific marvel of the day. This 
computer weighed 30 tons, stood two stories high, cov- 
ered 15,000 square feet, and cost $486,840.22 in 1946 
dollars. Today a $2,000 portable can add and subtract 
more than 20 times faster. And, by 1990, the average 
digital watch will have as much computing power as 
ENIAC. 

The collective brainpower of computers sold in the next 
two years will equal that of all computers sold from the 
beginning to now. Four years from now it will have 
doubled again. 

It's hard to remember that this is science fact, not fiction. 

How do people keep pace with change like this? That's 
where we come in. We're CW Communications/Inc. — the 
world's largest publisher of computer-related newspapers and 
magazines. 

Every month more than 12,000,000 people 
read one or more of our publications. 

Nobody reaches as many computer-involved people 
around the world as we do. And nobody covers more 
markets. 

In the United States, we have twelve publications: 
Computerworld, InfoWorld, Micro MarketWorld, Network 
World, and Digital News serve computer and communica- 



tions professionals, including MIS executives and profession- 
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zations, micro experts, and industry executives and marketers. 

We also have six publications which concentrate on specif- 
ic personal computers and their compatibles. PC World 
(IBM), MacWorld (Macintosh), inCider (Apple II), 80 Micro 
(TRS-80), RUN (Commodore C-128/C-64) and AmigaWorld 
(Commodore Amiga). And we have a new publication dedi- 
cated to the emerging field of desktop publishing: Publish! 

And we have similar publications in every major comput- 
er market in the world. Our network publishes over 70 
computer publications in more than 25 countries — Argenti- 
na, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Finland, 
France, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, 
The Netherlands, Norway, People's Republic of China, Saudi 
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United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, and 
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The sooner we hear from you, 
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Simply put, we make it easy for you to reach your target 
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information. You'll find the number below. 




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An International Data Group Company 
375 Cochituate Rd., Box 9171. Framingham, MA 01701-9171, (617) 879-0700 



THE NEXT STEP / by Hardin Brothers 



Track Records 



If you had to manage every sector of 
every disk yourself, deciding where to 
store and find individual files, you'd 
soon drown under the details of disk al- 
location. Disk operating systems are 
meant to do the work for you. 

It is sometimes important, however, to 
know exactly where a file is stored. If you 
are trying to recover data from a bad 
disk, for example, knowledge of the di- 
rectory structure (or having a utility that 
deciphers the directory) is vital. You can 
also speed up programs noticeably by 
optimizing the file arrangement on disk. 

TRSDOS's directory format provides a 
lot of information about a file: how large 
it is. how many records it contains, and 
how many extents it uses. The Free com- 
mand adds to that information by draw- 
ing a map of which disk granules are in 
use and which are free. But these TRS- 
DOS commands provide no information 
about the actual location of a file, al- 
though such information is made avail- 
able on a system level so that files can be 
found and used. 

Fragmented Files 

Whenever you save a new file or a new 
part of an old one. TRSDOS places it in 
the lowest possible disk position (it puts 
nothing except Boot/SYS on track zero 
until the rest of the disk is full). If you 
often save or expand some files on a disk 
and remove others, the remaining files 
can become fragmented, a fact the direc- 
tory listing shows when it reports the 
number of extents, or separate storage 
areas, that a file uses. 

As long as the number of extents is four 
or fewer, you won't notice much change 
in disk access times. But as soon as a file 
has five or more extents, especially if it 
is organized as a record or random-ac- 
cess file, access times can increase enor- 



System Requirements 

Model 4, 4P, or 4D 

Assembly language 

Editor/assembler 

(Pro-Create 4.3a or MRAS) 




mously. Also, the disk seems to run 
faster when your most-used programs 
are closest to the directory. 

There is an easy way to reduce frag- 
mentation on a data disk. Format a new 
disk and back up the files from the old 
disk to the new disk using the New pa- 
rameter. TRSDOS will copy one file at a 
time, allocating the smallest number of 
extents possible for each. 

You can control the placement of files 
by changing the value of AFlag$ before 
saving a new file to disk. The AFlag$ 
value tells TRSDOS the starting cylinder 
to use when looking for new disk space 
to allocate. 

It is also possible to make a highly 
optimized disk by studying the size 
requirements of each file and format- 
ting a new disk. You can then change the 
AFlag$ value with the TRSDOS Memory 
command, copy one file, change the 
value again, copy another file, and so on 
until you have placed each file where 
you want it. Misosys Inc.'s Pro-IFC util- 
ity does essentially the same thing with- 
out the hassle. 

Learning by Example 

This month's demonstration program 
shows you where a file is stored on a 
disk. It doesn't move anything, but it de- 
termines whether a disk or file has be- 
come unreasonably fragmented. It can 
also help recover data from a bad disk. 



By assembling the program with the 
name Map/CMD, you can invoke it from 
TRSDOS Ready by typing MAP followed 
by the filespec. A display like that pro- 
duced by the Free command will appear 
on screen showing where the file is lo- 
cated. The granules used by the file's first 
extent are labeled "A." those of its second 
extent are labeled "B," and so on. (The 
display becomes a little confusing if the 
file has more than 26 extents.) When you 
are done looking at the display, press any 
key to return to TRSDOS Ready. 

The program is also a good example of 
how to pull together information from 
many different TRSDOS functions. To 
identify the granules used by a file, the 
program must open the file and extract 
information from its file-control block 
(FCB), find the drive-control table (DCT) 
for the drive to get still more information, 
and decipher entries in the disk directory. 

Program Listing 1 is the source code 
for this utility; it makes extensive use of 
assembly macros from my library. The 
macros used are in Program Listing 2 
(MACLIB/ASM). If you read last month's 
column (p. 106). you should have little 
trouble understanding the macros that 
are new this month. 

Fact-Finding Mission 

When the macros in Listing 1 are fully 
expanded (but unused conditional com- 
mands are suppressed), the program 



86 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



THE NEXT STEP 



stretches out to nearly 1 ,300 lines. The 
combination of a strong top-down struc- 
ture and heavy reliance on macro com- 
mands should make it relatively easy to 
understand, however. 

The program begins by reading in the 
macro library and defining the carriage- 



return and ETX characters (the latter is 
an ASCII function that puts the cursor at 
the end of the display line). Then it calls 
four subroutines and ends. The first sub- 
routine checks to see if the user pressed 
the break key while the program was 
loading; if so, the program aborts. The 







Program Listing 


1 . File-map utility. 


00100 


















00110 




TRSDOS 6.2 File Map Utility 


00120 










00130 
00140 


J 


Uses several commands 


from MACLIB 










00150 


*LIST OFF 




;Read in MACLIB/ASM 


00160 


*GET MACLIB 






00170 


•LIST ON 






00180 


1 








00190 




DEFINE 


ETX,03H 




00200 




DEFINE 


CR,0DH 




00210 


. 








00220 




ORG 


3000H 




00230 


START 


CALL 


CHKBRK 


; Check for <Break> key 


00240 




CALL 


GET_INF0 


.•Information about file and drive 


00250 




CALL 


SET_ALL0C 


/Build allocation table for file 


00260 




CALL 


DISPLAY 


.•Display map of file allocation 


00270 




eeExiT 




/Return to TRSDOS 


00280 


; 








00290 














00300 


; Check for <B 


reak> key 




00310 


; Take 


error exit to TRSDOS 


if <Break> pressed 


00320 










. 




00330 


; 








00340 


CHKBRK: 








00350 




eeCKBRKC 


;Use TRSDOS to check 


00360 




RET 


z 


;Return if no <Break> 


00370 


ERROUT : 








00380 




egEXIT 


-1 


;Else report error and leave 


00390 


j 








00400 


BADFILE 


LD 


HL,BADFILES 


;HL ==> message 


00410 




DB 


0DDH 


;IX prefix (ignore next instr.) 


00420 


BADDCT 


LD 


HL,BADDCT$ 


;HL or IX==> message 


00430 




igDSPLY 




;Display HL message 


00440 




JR 


ERROUT 


;Abort program 


00450 










1 




00460 


; Get 


information about file 


and drive 


00470 










! 




00480 










00490 


GET_INF0: 






00500 




LD 


A, (HL) 


;Get first character of file name 


00510 




IFLT_JR 


'A', BADFILE 


;Leave if no file name 


00520 




§§FSPEC 


HL.FCB 


;Move and test filespec 


00530 




8G0PEN 


FBUFFER 


;0pen file 


00540 




LD 


IY,FCB 


,-IY «> File control block 


00550 




LD 


A, (IY+7) 


;Get file's DEC 


00560 




LD 


(DEC), A 


;And save it 


00570 




LD 


A, (IY+6) 


;Get drive number 


00580 




AND 


07H 


;Mask off bits 3-7 


00590 




LD 


(DRV), A 


;And save it 


00600 




LD 


C,A 


;Move drive number to C 


00610 




eecLosE 




;Close the file & clear FCB 


00620 


• 








00630 




geGTDCT 




/IY ==> DCT entry 


00640 




LD 


A, (IY) 


/Test first byte 


00650 




IFNE_JR 


0C3H, BADDCT 


;Go if invalid DCT 


00660 




LD 


A, (IY+6) 


;Get max cylinder number 


00670 




INC 


A 


/Make relative to 1 


00680 




LD 


(MAXCYL) ,A 


/And save it 


00690 




LD 


A, (IY+8) 


/Get grans/cylinder in bits 7-5 


00700 




AND 


0E0H 


/Mask off other bits 


00710 




RLCA 




/Move to bits 2-0 


00720 




RLCA 






00730 




RLCA 






00740 




INC 


A 


/Make relative to 1 


00750 




BIT 


5, (IY+4) 


/Check DBLBIT 


00760 




JR 


Z,GET1 


/Go if not doubled 


00770 




ADD 


A, A 


/Else double the count 


00780 


GETl 


LD 


(GRANS) ,A 


/Save total 


00790 




RET 




/And return 


00800 


I 








00810 


DRV 


DB 





/Drive number 


00820 


DEC 


DB 





/DEC number 


00830 


HAXCYL 


DB 





/Total number of cylinders 


00840 


GRANS 


DB 





/Granules per cylinder 


00850 










00860 














00870 


; Find 


file's 


allocation space and mark each granule 


00880 


/ in the GRANTBL buffer. 




00890 














00900 










00910 


SET_ALL0C : 






00920 




CALL 


MAKE_TBL 


/Clear the gran table 


00930 


SETl 


LD 


BC, (DRV) 


;C » drive/ B = DEC 


00940 




egDIRRD 




/Get directory sector in sys buffer 


00950 




LD 


BC,22 


/Offset to first extent 


00960 




ADD 


HL,BC 


/HL==> first extent 


00970 




PUSH 


HL 


/Move pointer 


00980 




POP 


IY 


/ to IY 

Listing i continued 



second subroutine collects information 
about the file, the disk, and the drive. 
The third subroutine builds an alloca- 
tion table for the file and the last subrou- 
tine displays that information. 

The GET_INFO routine (line 500) be- 
gins by making sure the user entered a 
filespec when the program was invoked. 
If so, the filespec is transferred to an FCB 
and the file is opened. If no filespec was 
entered, or if an error occurs while the 
file is being opened, the program stops 
and displays an error message. 

The process of opening a file under 
TRSDOS is simple. First, the ©FSPEC 
supervisor call (SVC) moves the filespec 
to the 32-byte FCB buffer. @FSPEC con- 
verts the filespec to uppercase and 
checks its syntax. Next, the ©Open SVC 
opens the file by using the FCB as a link 
between the operating system and the 
file on disk. 

The FCB is TRSDOS's only link to a 
file. If you change disks while a file is 
open and being written to, TRSDOS has 
no way of knowing that you have done 
so. Two ruined disks can result. 

There are several pieces of informa- 
tion in an open FCB, all of which are de- 
tailed in the Model 4 Technical 
Reference Manual and the Program- 
mer's Guide to LDOS/TRSDOS 6. This 
month's program only needs to collect 
two of the pieces. First, it reads the file's 
directory-entry code (DEC) from the FCB 
and stores it in memory. Then it gets the 
drive number and closes the file. 

During operation of the ©Close SVC, 
TRSDOS returns the file's name and 
drive number to the FCB (but not the 
file's copyright— that name will be use- 
ful later). 

Using the drive number that it found in 
the FCB, the program turns to another 
SVC to get the address of the drive's DCT. 
There is a DCT for each of the eight possi- 
ble logical drives accessible by TRSDOS. 
Like an open FCB, the DCT is a complex 
data structure that condenses 2 1 pieces of 
information into 10 bytes. For Listing 1, 
we need only two of those pieces: the 
number of cylinders on the disk and the 
number of granules per cylinder. 

Normally, a program should call the 
©CKDRV SVC to make sure a drive 
number is valid before using ©GTDCT 
to find the address of a DCT. But since 
Listing 1 opens a file and finds its drive 
number immediately before asking for 
the DCT address, the drive number 
must be valid and the intermediate step 
can be skipped. 

Making the Presentation 

Once the program has the file's name, 
the file's DEC, and the file's drive num- 
ber, the number of cylinders on the disk, 
and the number of granules per cylinder, 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 87 



THE NEXT STEP 



it can build a table of the granules allo- 
cated to the file with the SET_ALLOC 
routine (line 910). The program begins 
this process by filling a memory section 
with periods standing for each granule 
on the disk. Each unchanged period 
stands for a granule not used by the file. 

The program passes the file's DEC 
and drive number to the @DIRRD SVC, 
which reads the directory sector con- 
taining the file's primary entry and 
places the sector in one of TRSDOS's in- 
ternal buffers. ©DIRRD then points the 
HL register pair at the correct directory 
entry. Listing 1 needs the directory entry 
to determine where the file is stored on 
the disk, but it has to use a roundabout 
method to find it. 

The method used in Listing 1 to find 
a directory entry for a program is analo- 
gous to, but not the same as, the process 
TRSDOS uses to find a file on disk. 
TRSDOS first looks through the drive- 
code tables for active disks, then reads a 
hash-index table (HIT) from the disk's di- 
rectory (the HIT contains a 1-byte code 
for each active entry in the directory). 
These codes are checked against a hash 
code for the file that TRSDOS is search- 
ing for. When TRSDOS finds a matching 
hash code, it looks at the directory entry 
to see if the file names match. If they do, 
it reads information from the directory 
entry into the FCB and opens the file. 
This sounds like an unnecessarily com- 
plex method of finding a file on a disk, 
but it is quite efficient in terms of mem- 
ory use and speed. 

The directory entry contains infor- 
mation about the file's status, name, rec- 
ord length, physical length, passwords, 
and the date it was last written to, along 
with four 2-byte extents. Each extent 
contains three pieces of information 
about one of the file's allocation blocks: 
the starting cylinder, the starting gran- 
ule within that cylinder, and the number 
of consecutive granules allocated to the 
file. Listing 1 uses this information to re- 
place periods in its table with letters in- 
dicating which granules are allocated to 
the file. 

If a file has more than four extents, 
the last 2 bytes in its file primary-direc- 
tory entry (FPDE) point to another direc- 
tory entry— the file extended-directory 
entry (FXDE)— containing the next four 
extents. The FXDE can point to a second 
FXDE, which can point to a third, and so 
on. Because TRSDOS uses a chained list 
from one directory entry to another, the 
only limitations on a file's size and num- 
ber of extents are the number of free di- 
rectory entries and the size of the disk. 

The last major section of Listing 1 (be- 
ginning on line 1780) displays the infor- 
mation collected by the rest of the pro- 
gram. It begins by displaying information 



Llsttng 1 continued 






00990 


i 








01000 




REPT 


4 


;Write code 4 times 


01010 




LD 


A, (IY) 


;Get cylinder number 


01020 




CP 


-1 


;Is this extent used? 


01030 




RET 


Z 


;No — return 


01040 




CALL 


ONE EXT 


;Else find allocation for this one 


01050 




INC 


IY 


;And point to 


01060 




INC 


IY 


; next extent 


01070 




BNDM 




;End of repeated code 


01080 


1 








01090 




LD 


A, (IY) 


;Get FXDE flag 


01100 




CP 


-1 


;ls there an FXDE? 


01110 




RET 


Z 


;No — return 


01120 




LD 


A, (IY+1) 


;Else get new DEC 


01130 




LD 


(DEC) ,A 


; and save it 


01140 




JR 


SET1 


;Then loop back and start again 


01150 


i 








01160 
01170 










; Clea 


r the gran table before 


starting to work 


01180 














01190 


MAKE_TBL: 






01200 




LD 


A, (MAXCYL) 


;Get number of cylinders 


01210 




LD 


L,A 


; into HL 


01220 




LD 


H,0 




01230 




LD 


A, (GRANS) 


jGet number of grans 


01240 




LD 


C,A 


; Prepare for HL * C 


01250 




@?MUL16 






01260 




LD 


H,L 


.•Move product to HL 


01270 




LD 


L,A 




01280 




PUSH 


HL 


.•Transfer product 


01290 




POP 


BC 


; to BC 


01300 




DEC 


BC 


; 1 of grans - 1 


01310 




LD 


HL,GRANTBL 


;HL ==> table 


01320 




LD 


DE,GRANTBL+1 


;DE ==> 2nd byte of table 


01330 




LD 


A, '. ' 


.•Clear with periods 


01340 




LD 


(HL) ,A 


.•Store the first one 


01350 




LDIR 




;Clear entire table 


01360 




RET 






01370 














01380 


; Hark 


allocated qranules for 


one extent 


01390 










j 




01400 


0NE_EXT 


t 






01410 




LD 


L,A 


;Get cylinder number 


01420 




LD 


H,0 


;HL = cylinder 


01430 




LD 


A, (GRANS) 


;A ■ grans per cylinder 


01440 




LD 


C,A 


;For HL * C 


01450 




@@HUL16 






01460 




LD 


H,L 


.•Move product 


01470 




LD 


L,A 


; to HL 


01480 




LD 


A, (IY+1) 


;Get starting gran 


01490 




AND 


0E0H 


;Mask off bits 0-4 


01500 




RLCA 




;Move gran to bits 0-2 


01510 




RLCA 






01520 




RLCA 






01530 




ADD 


A,L 


;Add to HL 


01540 




LD 


L,A 


; LSB to L 


01550 




JR 


NC,EXT1 


;Jump if no carry 


01560 




INC 


H 


; else add carry 


01570 


EXT1 


LD 


DE.GRANTBL 


• DE ■==> table of grans 


01580 




ADD 


HL,DE 


;HL «> first allcoated gran 


01590 




LD 


A, (IY+1) 


;Get number of grans 


01600 




AND 


1FH 


,-Mask off bits 5-7 


01610 




INC 


A 


.•Make relative to 1 


01620 




LD 


B,A 


;Store count in B 


01630 




LD 


A, (CHAR) 


jGet character for this gran 


01640 




INC 


A 


;Add one for next time 


01650 




LD 


(CHAR) ,A 


; and save again 


01660 


EXT2 


LD 


(HL),A 


;Mark this gran 


01670 




INC 


HL 


.•Point to next gran 


01680 




DJNZ 


EXT2 


;Loop for all grans 


01690 




RET 






01700 


; 








01710 


CHAR 


DB 


"A'-l 


;Display character 


01720 










} — 




01730 


; Display map 


of grans. 




01740 


; Mimi 


c the "FREE" map 




01750 














01760 


DISPLAY 








01770 




§@CLS 






01780 




CALL 


INFOLINE 


;Show file info 


01790 




DASHLINE '-' 


;Line of dashes on screen 


01800 




LD 


HL.GRANTBL 


;HL »•=> table of used grans 


01810 


DISPl 


CALL 


ONELINE 


,-Display one line of map 


01820 




JR 


NZ, DISPl 


;Return of ZP «= end of map 


01830 




CURSLOC 




,-Get cursor location 


01840 




LD 


A,L 


.•Cursor column in A 


01850 




IFEQ_JR 


0,DISP2 


;Jump if if 's 


01860 




6@DSP 


CR 


;Else move to next line 


01870 


DISP2 


DASHLINE '-' 


/Another line of dashes 


01880 




§§KEY 




;Wait for a key 


01890 




RET 




;We're done 


01900 














01910 


; Display information about the file 


01920 
01930 










INFOLINE: 






01940 




LD 


DE.LINEBUF 


;DE--> line buffer 


01950 




LD 


HL,FCB 


; Closed FCB has file name 


01960 


INF01 


LD 


A, (HL) 


;Get a byte 


01970 




IFEQ_JR 


ETX,INF02 


;Go if end of filespec 


01980 




LD 


(DE),A 


;Else move character 


01990 




INC 


DE 


;Bump pointers 


02000 




INC 


HL 




02010 




JR 


INF01 


;And loop back 


02020 


1 






Listing 1 continued 



88 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



THE NEXT STEP 



Listing 1 continued 








02030 


INF02 


LD 


A,CR 


;Mark end with <CR> 




02040 




LD 


(DE),A 


;Save it 




02050 




§§DSPLY 


LINEBUF 


/Display the line 




02060 
02070 
02080 




RET 








; Display one 


line of gran map 






02090 
02100 
02110 


; Enter with HL »■> current loc in GRANTBL 




l~— — 

ONELINE 










02120 




PUSH 


HL 


;Save pointer 




02130 




CALL 


MAKENUMS 


;Make line-number display 




02140 




LD 


HL,CYL_NUMS 


;HL-»> ASCII cylinder numbers 




02150 




LD 


DE, LINEBUF 


;DE~> buffer for building line 




02160 




LD 


BC,8 


/Numbers + space = 8 chars 




02170 




LDIR 




;Move it 




02180 




POP 


HL 


; Recover GRANTBL pointer 




02190 




LD 


B,8 


;Up to 8 cylinders per line 




02200 


LINE1 


CALL 


MOVCYL 


;Move one cylinder t spaces to linebuf 




02210 




JR 


Z.LINE2 


;Go if short line 




02220 




DJNZ 


LINE1 


;Else loop back 




02230 


; Line 


is built — display it 






02240 


LINE2 


LD 


A,ETX 


;Line is 80 characters long 




02250 




LD 


(DE),A 


/Terminate the line 




02260 




POSH 


AF 


;Save the flags 




02270 




@@DSPLY 


LINEBUF 


;Put it on screen 




02280 




POP 


AF 


,-Recover Carry flag 




02290 
02300 
02310 




RET 




; Send the flags back to caller 




; Move 


info fo 


r one granule to 


LINEBUF 




02320 


j Test 


for end 


of valid list & 


set ZF to show "done" 




02330 












J 




02340 


MOVCYL: 










02350 




PUSH 


BC 


;Save counters 




02360 




LD 


A, (GRANS) 


;Get grans per cylinder 




02370 




LD 


C,A 


;Move to C for block move 




02380 




LD 


B,0 


;BC = grans per cylinder 




02390 




LDIR 




;Move the markers 




02400 




LD 


A, 9 


j 9 chars, per cylinder 




02410 




LD 


IX, GRANS 


;IX ■■> grans per cylinder 




02420 




SUB 


(IX) 


;A » number of spaces to add 




02430 




LD 


B,A 


;Put in B for looping 




02440 




LD 


A, 1 ' 


; Space char, for padding 




02450 


MOV1 


LD 


(DE),A 


;Save this char. 




02460 




INC 


DE 


; Point to next space 




02470 




DJNZ 


MOV1 


;Loop for all spaces 




02480 




LD 


A, (MOVDCYLS) 


;Get count of number moved 




02490 




INC 


A 


,-Add one 




02500 




LD 


(MOVDCYLS) ,A 


;And save it 




02510 




LD 


IX,MAXCYL 


;IX --> Maximum cylinders on disk 




02520 




CP 


(IX) 


;Done? — set Z flag 




02530 




POP 


BC 


; Clean the stack 




02540 




RET 




;Send Zflag back for testing 




02550 


1 










02560 
02570 
02580 


MOVDCYLS DB 









; Hake 


ASCII number heading for each display line 




02590 
02600 
02610 


; Form 


: 'nnn-nnn ' in CYL_NUMS 






MAKENUMS: 








02620 




LD 


A, (MOVDCYLS) 


;Get next cylinder number 




02630 




LD 


DE,CYL_NUMS 


•DE »-> destination buffer 




02640 




CALL 


ONE_NUM 


;Convert i store value in A 




02650 




LD 


A,'-' 


;Dash between numbers 




02660 




LD 


(DE),A 


;Store it 




02670 




INC 


DE 


;Bump pointer 




02680 




LD 


A, (MOVDCYLS) 


;Get number again 




02690 




ADD 


A,7 


;Last cylinder in line 




02700 




LD 


IX,MAXCYL 


7 IX «■»> Maximum number of cylinders 




02710 




IFLT_JR 


(IX),MAKE2 


; Jump if not the end 




02720 




LD 


A, (MAXCYL) 


;Else get top number 




02730 




DEC 


A 


;Make relative to 




02740 


MAKE2 


CALL 


ONE_NUM 


; Convert t store value in A 




02750 




LD 


A, ' ' 


; Space for end of string 




02760 




LD 


(DE),A 


; Store it 




02770 
02780 
02790 




RET 








I 

; Convert value in A to ASCII 


and store last 3 digits at (DE) 




02800 


; then increment DE to next location. 




02810 
02820 












ONE_NUM 










02830 




PUSH 


DE 


;Save pointer 




02840 




LD 


L,A 


;Move value to HL 




02850 




LD 


H,0 


;HL - value to convert 




02860 




§@HEXDEC NUMBUF 


; Convert & store in NUMBUF 




02870 




LD 


HL,NUMBUF+2 


;Point to last 3 chars 




02880 




POP 


DE 


.•Recover destination pointer 




02890 




LD 


BC,3 


;Move 3 characters 




02900 




LDIR 




;Move them 




02910 




RET 








02920 












; 




02930 
02940 
02950 


; Message area 








BADFILES DB 


'Missing or illegal filespec on command line',CR 




02960 


BADDCTS 


DB 


'Drive Code Table corrupted' ,CR 




02970 
02980 
02990 
03000 












; Buffer areas 








FCB 


DS 


32 






03010 


FBOPFER 


DS 


256 






03020 


LINEBUF 


DS 


81 






03030 


NUMBUF 


DS 


5 






03040 


GRANTBL 


DS 


256*8 






03050 


CYL_NUMS DB 


i _ ■ 






03060 


1 










03070 




END 


START 




End 



about the file; in the current version, 
only the file's name and drive number 
are displayed, but it would not be diffi- 
cult to add the number of extents, the 
record size, and the file size. 

The program then enters a loop, 
building and displaying each line of the 
allocation map. I found this to be the 
most difficult part to write. There is no 
requirement that the number of cylin- 
ders on a disk be evenly divisible by 
eight. The program must check for the 
end of the granule table after moving 
each block of information and be pre- 
pared to exit the Display routine when 
the end of the table is reached. 

Pseudo-Operation 

Another part of Listing 1 deserves men- 
tion. At the end of the program are several 
buffers defined with the DS assembler 
pseudo-op. I didn't want to include the 
buffers, and especially the GRANTBL 
buffer, in the CMD file because they would 
increase the program's disk size without 
serving a useful purpose (the GRANTBL 
buffer would fill eight sectors). On the 
other hand, I'd rather not have to check 
High$ to make sure there is enough 
room for the buffers, even though there 
is little chance a program this small 
would run out of room. 

The solution is to use the define 
space (DS) pseudo-op followed by some- 
thing that must be saved on disk: the 
GYL_NUMS buffer. The assembler 
won't include any of the buffers defined 
with DS on the disk, but it will put the 
GYL_NUMS buffer in the correct place. 
When the program is loaded, TRSDOS 
has the responsibility to ensure that 
everything, including the last literal 
buffer, fits below High$ so the program 
is freed from that responsibility. 

There is a lot of information about the 
structure of opened FCBs. DCTs. and di- 
rectory records in both the Model 4 
Technical Reference Manual and the 
Programmer's Guide to LDOS/TRSDOS 
6. Some of it only applies to system rou- 
tines, but other information can be use- 
ful in utility programs. Once you define 
a problem to solve, it is likely that the 
information you need is available some- 
where inside TRSDOS. ■ 



Write Hardin 
Brothers at 280 N. 
Campus Ave., Up- 
land, CA 91786. 
Enclose a stamped, 
self-addressed en- 
velope for a reply. 
You can also con- 
tact Hardin on 
CompuServe's WE- 
SIG (PCS-1 1 7). 




80 Micro, February 1987 • 89 



THE NEXT STEP 



This Publication 
is available in 
Microform. 




University Microfilms 
International 

Please send additional information 
for 



Name. 



Institution- 
Street 

City 

State 



Zip- 



300 North Zeeb Road 

Dept. P.R. 

Ann Arbor, Mi. 48106 





Program Listing 2. Library of macros used in Listing 1 . 








00100 












00110 ; geCKBRKC — Check & clear <Break> bit 








00120 












00130 @@CKBRKC MACRO 








00140 DEFINE gCKBRKC,6AH 








00150 SVC 8CKBRKC 








00160 ENDM 








00170 










00180 












00190 


e§CLOSE — Close a file or device 








00200 


IFCB defaults to value in DE 








00210 


AF is altered 








00220 












00230 88CLOSE MACRO IFCB 








00240 DEFINE @CLOSE,3CH 








00250 IFEQ »%,1 








00260 PUSH DE 








00270 LD DE.tFCB 








00280 ENDIF 








00290 SVC 8CL0SE, CHECK 








00300 IFEQ %%,1 








00310 POP DE 








00320 ENDIF 








00330 ENDM 








00340 ; 








00350 












00360 ; 6§CLS — Clears the screen 








00370 












00380 §§CLS MACRO 








00390 DEFINE §CLS,69H 








00400 SVC 8CLS, CHECK 








00410 ENDM 








00420 










00430 












00440 


§§DIRRD — Reads directory sector to SYSBUF 








00450 


and points HL to entry. If IDRIVE and tDEC 








00460 


aren't specified, defaults to current values 








00470 
00480 


in BC 
















00490 @@DIRRD MACRO * DRIVE, IDEC 








00500 DEFINE §DIRRD,57H 








00510 IFEQ %%,2 








00520 PUSH BC 








00530 LD A, (DRIVE 








00540 LD B,A 








00550 LD A, IDEC 








00560 LD C,A 








00570 ELSE 








00580 IFNE %%,0 








00590 ERR 'Illegal number of arga for §§DIRRD" 








00600 ENDIF 








00610 ENDIF 








00620 SVC 8DIRRD, CHECK 








00630 IFEQ %%,2 








00640 POP BC 








00650 ENDIF 








00660 ENDM 








00670 ; 
















00690 ; 88DSP — Display one character on the screen 








00700 ; #CHAR defaults to value in C register 
















00720 @@DSP MACRO tCHAR 








00730 DEFINE @DSP,02H 








00740 PUSH DE 








00750 IFEQ %%,1 








00760 LD A,#CHAR 








00770 LD C,A 








00780 ENDIF 








00790 SVC @DSP, CHECK 








00800 POP DE 








00810 ENDM 








00820 












00830 


§8DSPLY — Displays line of text 








00840 


LINE defaults to value in HL 
















00860 §§DSPLY MACRO ILINE 








00870 DEFINE 8DSPLY,0AH 








00880 IFEQ %%,1 








00890 RPUSH DE,HL 








00900 LD HL,«LINE 








00910 SVC §DSPLY,CHECK 








00920 RPOP HL,DE 








00930 ELSE 








00940 PUSH DE 








00950 SVC 8DSPLY, CHECK 








00960 POP DE 








00970 ENDIF 








00980 ENDM 








00990 ; 
















01010 ; 88EXIT — Exits program 








01020 ; tRETCOD defaults to (no error) 
















01040 @@EXIT MACRO JRETCOD 








01050 DEFINE 8EXIT.16H 








01060 IFEQ %%,1 








01070 LD HL, tRETCOD 








01080 ELSE 








01090 LD HL,0 








01100 ENDIF 








01110 SVC 8EXIT 








01120 ENDM Listing 


2 continued 









90 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



LSI DELIVERS 

THE NEXT 
GENERATION _ 

OPERATING SYSTEM 



FOR YOUR TRS-80 MODEL 4 

FROM THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR OF 
THE MODEL 4 OPERATING SYSTEM 



LS-DOS 6.3x 

95 



29 



INTRODUCTORY PRICE! 



LS-DOS 6.3 is an update to the TRSDOS 6.x operating system for Tandy TRS-80 Model 4 computers. Due to the continuing 
popularity of the TRS-80 Model 4, this update was deemed necessary to extend the useful life of the computer through the 
1990's. At the same time, many other useful features have been added. 



I 



HURRY! 

TRSDOS 6.2x DATE HANDLING 
WILL END DEC. 31st, 1987 



Upward compatible with TRSDOS 6.x versions. 

Expanded date range, 1980 through 1999. 

Files now have a modification Time Stamp as well as a date. 

The directory display shows file dates and times. 

New SVCs for screen print and decimal display. 

All new, easy to use full screen editor. 

Conversion program for pre-6.3 version disks adds new time/date information. 

Automatic date/time conversion when copying from TRSDOS 6.x to version 6.3. 

One pass format and disk duplication program. 

Variable and line number cross reference utility for BASIC programs. 

Many "user requested" changes/additions/enhancements have been made. 

Several changes to increase "user friendliness." 

Many enhancements to BASIC: 



- Line copy and block move with automatic line 
reference renumbering. 

- Search and display variable, line numbers, and 
keywords. 

- Selective block renumbering. 

- High speed load and save. 

• Direct access to DOS SVCs. 

- List next or previous line(s) with a single key- 
stroke. 

• Single letter abbreviations for Auto, Delete, Edit, 
and List. 

Ordering information; 



A documentation update describes all new features and utilities, 
and contains technical information changes and additions. 

Since this is an update to TRSDOS 6.2, all customers are ex- 
pected to have purchased or received and have in their pos- 
session a legitimate copy of the TRSDOS 6.x DOS and docu- 
mentation. 

To provide support only to legitimate owners, all LS-DOS 6.3 
master disks contain an individually encoded customer service ID 
and serial number. This entitles customers to support directly 
from LSI. 



To save COD and handling charges, send a check or money order for $29.95 to: 



i 



OGICAL 
SYSTEMS 
INC. 

OOz=><=> 



Logical Systems, Inc. 

PO Box 55235 

Grand Junction, CO 81505 

Credit card and COD orders call: (303) 243-7070 



Mastercard, Visa, and American Express cards are accepted. 
Credit card and COD orders are S34.95, including shipping 
and handling. No COD orders accepted outside the United 
States. No purchase orders or on account orders will be 
accepted. Orders will be shipped post paid inside the US. 
Canada and Mexico please add $5.00 for airmail shipping. 
All other foreign orders, please add $10.00 for air postal 
shipping. All funds must be in US dollars. Allow 2-4 weeks for 
delivery. 
TRS-80 and TRSDOS are Registered Trademarks of Tandy Corpratlon. 




February 1984: The Creator— nevt and im- 

nrnvtti dnta hasa 



January 1984. Tandy's Model 2000 and an 
MS-DOS overview; also, an Assembly lan- 
guage tutorial. 

Creator— i 
(BanageoanWa'lso, tab- 
ulate ariH analyze opinion polls. ] 
March 1984: Hinrich's word processor, a 
III to 4 conversion program, and a Machine- 
language arcade game. . 
April 1984: CP/M digest, Model II/4 con- 
version program, pie and bar chart pro- 
gram, and new Scripsit characters. 
May 1984: Telecommunications special, 
VtstCatc enhancements, Pascal, and a pro- 
gram that eases math anxiety. 
June 1984: Tape to disk transfer program, 
award-winning graphics, and a business re- 
port analyzer. I I 
July 1384: Guide to Disk Operating Sys- 

August 1984: Games issue, Model 4 ED- 
ase II, Scripsit extras, and quality 
sales reports. 

September 1984. Disk drive repair and 
maintenance and a guide to Editor/Assem- 
blers. 

October 1984. Bar codes, educational pro- 
grams for teachers, and speech synthesis. 
November 1984: Special utilities issue, 
cassette Basic enhancements, and a hybrid 
text editor. 
December 1984: Gift guide, football strat- 

January 1985: Basic compiler, Scripsit en- 
hancements, custom graphics characters, 
and TR8DOS 1.3 patches. 
February 1985: Line and bar graph pro- 
gram, OH Baste, and easy Assetnbly-ten- 
guage programming. 

In each back issue, you'll also find our regular 
features, reviews of popular software' and hard- 
ware, and dozens of useful programs that are 
yours for the typing 

Each back issue costs $3.50 plus $1 shipping 
and handling. On orders of 10 or more back 
issues, there is a flat $7.60 shipping and handling 
fee. Quanities are limited. Send your orders to 
80 Micro, Attn: Bao k-l eeue Orders. 80 Pine St, 
Peterborough, NH 0345S. 



THE NEXT STEP 



Zl 





Listing 2 continued 








01130 ; 
















01150 j 08FSPEC ~ Move filespec or devspec 








01160 ; to an FCB or DCB 








01170 ; Test Z / NZ after using! 








01180 ; IFname and #FCB are both required. 








01190 ; If tFname Is already In HL, use HL as filename 








01200 ; DE is set to #FCB 








01210 ; AF is altered. 
















01230 @@FSPEC MACRO #FNAME,#FCB 








01240 DEFINE @FSPEC,4EH 








01250 RPUSH BC,HL 








01260 IFNES #FNAME,HL 








01270 LD HL,#FNAME 








01280 ENDIF 








01290 LD DE,tFCB 








01300 SVC §FSPEC 








01310 RPOP HL,BC 








01320 ENDM 








01330 ; 
















01350 ; eeGTDCT — Loads IY with address of drive's DCT 








01360 ; #Drive defaults to value in C 


















01380 §@GTDCT MACRO #DRIVE 








01390 DEFINE §GTDCT,51H 








01400 IFEQ %%,1 








01410 PUSH BC 








01420 LD A, # DRIVE 








01430 LD C,A 








01440 ENDIF 








01450 SVC 8GTDCT 








01460 IFEQ %%,1 








01470 POP BC 








01480 ENDIF 








01490 ENDM 








01500 ; 
















0-1520 ; @§HEXDEC — lvalue to ASCII t stores at IBUFFER 








01530 ; If lvalue not specified, defaults to present 


value of HL 






01540 i If no args, IBUFFER defaults to present value 


Of DE 














01560 @§HEXDEC MACRO *ARG1,<ARG2 








01570 DEFINE §HEXDEC,61H 








01580 PUSH BC 








01590 IFEQ %%,2 ;;If 2 arguments 








01600 RPUSH DE,HL 








01610 LD HL,#ARG1 








01620 LD DE,#ARG2 








01630 ENDIF 








01640 IFEQ tt,l 








01650 PUSH DE 








01660 LD DE,*ARG1 








01670 ENDIF 








01680 SVC §HEXDEC 








01690 IFEQ %%,1 








01700 POP DE 








01710 ENDIF 








01720 IFEQ %%,2 








01730 RPOP HL,DE 








01740 ENDIF 








01750 POP BC 








01760 ENDM 








01770 ; 
















01790 ; §§KEY — Waits for key at *KI device 








01800 ; keystroke returned in A 
















01820 §§KEY MACRO 








01830 DEFINE §KEY,01H 








01840 PUSH DE 








01850 SVC §KEY, CHECK 








01860 POP DE 








01870 ENDM 








01880 ; 










01900 ; 86MUL16 — Multiplies 16-bit by 8-bit value 








01910 ; If values aren't specified, defaults to 








01920 ; values in HL and C 








01930 ; Result in HL and A - 
















01950 §8MUL16 MACRO #VAL16,#VAL8 








01960 DEFINE @MUL16,5BH 








01970 PUSH DE 








01980 IFEQ %%,2 








01990 LD HL,tVAL16 








02000 LD A,tVAL8 








02010 LD C,A 








02020 ENDIF 








02030 SVC 8MUL16 








02040 POP DE 








02050 ENDM 








02060 ; 










02080 ; eeoPEN — Opens an existing file 








02090 ; or device 








02100 ; Aborts on all errors except changed LRL 








02110 ; IBuffer is required. 








02120 ; #LRL defaults to (256) 








02130 ; #FCB defaults to current value in DE 








02140 ; AF is altered. 
















02160 eeOPEN MACRO tBUPFER, (LRL-0, tFCB 


Listing 2 continued 













92 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 378 on Reader Service card. 



Tandy is Dandy ^ , n^nx-i 

.. .until you want MORE! 

USER INSTALLABLE BOARDS FOR TANDY 1000/3000 

MEMORY EXPANSION 

Model 1000 provides DMA and additional 256K or memory bringing your 128K Tandy 1000 to 
384K or 640K. Clock calendar with 20 year battery is optional. 

2002 256K-S109 2003 512-S149 

Free clock $49 value with any 

memory expansion or multifunction 

Model 1000EX speeds up computer by adding DMA and an additional 256K or 384K of memory, 

bringing your 256K Tandy 1000EX to 512 or 640K. Clock calendar with 20 year battery is optional. 

2025 256K-S99 2026 348K-$119 

Model 1000SX additional 256K of memory bringing your 384K Tandy 1000SX to 640K. Clock 
calendar with 20 year battery is optional. 
2006 256K-S129 

Model 300HL & HD additional 128K of memory bringing your 512K Tandy 3000HL & HD 640K 
plus 0.5 Meg extended memory or alternating a full 1 Meg of extended memory. 

MUIITFUNCTION 

Model 1000 provides DMA and an additional 512K of memory bringing 
your 128K Tandy 1000 top 640K, serial port, RAM disk and print spool 
software. Clock calendar is optional. 
2008 512K-$249 



^s 



/W 




Model 1000SX additional 256K of memory, bringing your 

384K Tandy 1000SX to 640K, serial port, RAM disk 

and print spool software. 

Clock calendar with 20 year batter is optional. 

2027 256K-S199 



Model 1000SX, 1000EX and 3000 one serial and one parallel port. Second 
serial port and clock canendar with 20 year battery are optional. 

2028 1 serial for Model 1000SX + 1000EX-S99 2030 2nd serial-$49 

2029 1 serial for Model 3000HL -$149 2031 2nd serial-$79 



As Always. . . 

It's another 



Offer expires March 31, 1987 




UCKI:RI30 y Al?D 



iTe> 



235 Santa Ana Court • Sunnyvale, CA 94086 • (800) 233-6874 (CA) • (800)222-4920 



ZUCKERBOARD is registered trademark of Advanced Transducer Devices Inc. 

Tandy 1000/3000 are Trademarks of Radio Shack, a Division of Tandy Corporation. 

All prices subject l«> change without nolicc due lo fluctuations in the chip market. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 93 



frvn 



H«v^ 



Get help with your subscrip- 
tion |>y calling <jur new toll free 
numper: 

between 9 a.rjh. and 5 

EST, Monday-Friday, 
if possible, please have your 
mailing label in: front of you as 
well as your cancelled check 
or credit card statement if you 
are having problems with pay- 
ment 

If. moving, please give both 
your old and new addresses. 





Tou 

dience 
and 



ave a large technica 
that s| eaks Enilish 



; in need 



of the kin 



au- 
sh 

of 



•met c omp u te inform s ton 
that CW Communications/Pe- 
tertwough provides. 
PrnviHft your anliftnre with the 

magazines thiy need bnd 
maka money at the same time. 
For details on piling 8(A Mi- 
cro, Inctaer, n vr coco, a n6 

/7£//V|contact: 




JOSEPH WIRLD WIDE MEDIA 



afrfftMf 

NEW YORK, II.Y. 10016 

:-(212) 686-1520 TELEX 



I 



SOU TH I 
i. 10016 
TEL£X-62lp 



Listing 2 continued 






02170 


DEFINE 


§OPEN,3BH 


02180 


RPUSH 


BC,HL 


02190 


LD 


HL,t BUFFER 


02200 


LD 


B,*LRL 


02210 


IFEQ 


%%,3 


02220 


LD 


DE,#FCB 


02230 


ENDIF 




02240 


SVC 


§OPEN 


02250 


RPOP 


HL.BC 


02260 


JR 


Z,$l? 


02270 


CP 


2AH ;; Check for LRL change 


02280 


JR 


Z,$l? 


02290 


LD 


C,A ;;Else error code to C 


02300 


LD 


a,1ah ;; @ error SVC number 


02310 


RST 


28H 


02320 $1? 


EQU 


$ 


02330 


ENDM 




02340 ; 






02360 ; 


CURSLOC — 


Return current cursor location 


02370 ; 


in HL 




02390 CURSLOC MACRO 




02400 


DEFINE 


eVDCTL,0FH 


02410 


PUSH 


BC 


02420 


LD 


B,4 


02430 


SVC 


8VDCTL 


02440 


POP 


BC 


02450 


ENDM 




02460 ; 






02480 , 


DASHLINE ~ 


Displays line of dashes or 


02490 ; 


specified 


character. Assumes cursor is 


02500 ; 


at beginning of line. 


02520 DASHLINE MACRO tCHAR 


02530 


DEFINE 


§DSP,02 


02540 


RPUSH 


BC.DE 


02550 


IFEQ 


%%,1 


02560 


LD 


CtCHAR 


02570 


ENDIF 




02580 


LD 


B,80 ;;80 characters per line 


02590 $1? 


SVC 


8DSP, CHECK 


02600 


DJNZ 


$1? 


02610 


RPOP 


BC,DE 


02620 


ENDM 




02630 ; 






02640 ; — 
02650 ; 


DEFINE — 


Define a lable unless it 


02660 ; 


is air 


eady defined. 


02680 DEFINE MACRO 


♦LABEL, IVALUE 


02690 


IFNDEF 


•LABEL 


02700 (LABEL EQU 


♦VALUE 


02710 


ENDIF 




02720 


ENDM 




02730 , 






02740 ; — 
02750 ; 

a'i-ica __— 


IFEQ_JR — 


Performs a JR if A - ♦Value 


02770 IFEQ_JR MACRO 


♦VALUE, ♦JUMP 


02780 


CP 


♦VALUE 


02790 


JR 


I, MUMP 


02800 


ENDM 




02810 ; 






02820 ; — 
02830 ; 


IFLT_JR — 


Performs a JR if A < ♦Value 


02850 IFLT_JR MACRO 


♦VALUE, ♦JUMP 


02860 


CP 


♦VALUE 


02870 


JR 


CtJUMP 


02880 


ENDM 




02890 ; 






02900 ;—■ 
02910 ; 


IFNE_JR — 


Performs a JR if A <> ♦Value 


02930 IFNE_JR MACRO 


♦VALUE, ♦JUMP 


02940 


CP 


♦VALUE 


02950 


JR 


NZ.tJUMP 


02960 


ENDM 




02970 ; 






02980 ; — 
02990 , 


RPOP — Version 2 


03000 ; 


Pops to 6 registers from the stack 


03010 ; 


Example: 


RPOP BC,DE,HL,IX 


03030 RPOP MACRO 


♦ Rl,#R2,#R3,tR4,»R r >,»R6 


03040 


IFGT 


%%,0 


03050 


POP 


♦ Rl 


03060 


ENDIF 




03070 


IFGT 


*%,1 


03080 


POP 


♦ R2 


03090 


ENDIF 




03100 


IFGT 


%%,2 


03110 


POP 


♦ R3 


03120 


ENDIF 


/ 


03130 


IFGT 


%%,3 


03140 


POP 


♦ R4 


03150 


ENDIF 




03160 


IFGT 


%%»4 


03170 


POP 


♦ R5 


03180 


ENDIF 




03190 


IFGT 


%%,5 


03200 


POP 


♦ R6 


03210 


ENDIF 


Listing 2 continued 



94 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



THE NEXT STEP DEBUG 

— ■ — 





Listing 2 continued 










03220 


ENDM 








03230 ; 










03250 ; RPUSH — Version 2 








03260 ; 


Pushes to 6 registers onto the stack 








03270 ; 


Example: RPUSH BC,DE,HL,IX 


















03290 RPUSH 


MACRO «Rl,tR2,«R3,IR4,IR5,tR6 








03300 


IFGT %%,0 








03310 


PUSH tRl 








03320 


ENDIF 








03330 


IFGT »%,1 








03340 


PUSH #R2 








03350 


ENDIF 








03360 


IFGT %%,2 








03370 


PUSH #R3 








03380 


ENDIF 








03390 


IFGT %%,3 








03400 


PUSH tR4 








03410 


ENDIF 








03420 


IFGT %%,4 








03430 


PUSH »R5 








03440 


ENDIF 








03450 


IFGT %%,5 








03460 


PUSH #R6 








03470 


ENDIF 








03480 


ENDM 








03490 ; 










03510 ; 


Invoke a TRSDOS 6 SVC 








03520 ; 


If "check" is specified, exit 








03530 ; 


through §ERROR if NZ flag is returned 








03540 ; 


from TRSDOS. 








03560 SVC 


MACRO #NUM,» CHECK 








03570 


LD A,tNUM ;;A ■ SVC number 








03580 


RST 28H ;; Perform SVC 








03590 


IFGT %%,1 ;;More than one argument? 








03600 


JR z,$l? ; ; Go if no error 








03610 


LD C,A ;>Put error code in C 








03620 


LD A,1AH ;;§ERROR SVC number 








03630 


RST 28H ;;Exit through §error 








03640 $1? 


EQU $ j;Here if no error 








03650 


ENDIF 








03660 


ENDM 








03670 ; 




End 















Circle 452 on Reader Service card. 

Attention all FX80, FX100, JX, RX, & MX owners: 



You already own half of 
a great printer |g| 



Dealer 
inquiries 
welcome. 



Now for $79.95 you can own 
the rest. You see, today's new dot 
matrix printers offer a lot more. 

Like an NLQ mode that makes 
their letters print almost as sharp 
as a daisy wheel. And font switch- 
ing at the touch of a button in over 
160 styles. But now, a Dots-Perfect 




upgrade kit will make your printer 
work like the new models in min- 
utes— at a fraction of their cost. 

And FX, JX and MX models will 
print the IBM character set, too. 

So, call now and use your Visa, 
MasterCard, or AmerEx. Don't 
replace your printer, upgrade it! 



1-800-368-7737 

In California: 1-800-831-9772 



g 



Sample of 
letter with 
Dots-Perfect 



(Dots-Perfect) 



Sample of 

letter without 

Dots-Perfect 



9 



>D r ess e I ha us 

837 E. Alosta Ave, Glendora CA 91740 Tel: (818) 914-5831 
An upgrade kit for EPSON FX, JX, RX, & MX printers 






EPSON is a trademark ot 
EPSON America. Inc 



Bad Connections 

Marty Miller of Addison, IL, writes 
that we had our wires crossed in Rod 
and Joyce Kreuter's "Let There Be 
Light Pens," (November 1986. p. 54). 
Rod Kreuter says Fig. 1 on p. 56 in- 
correctly shows how to connect the 
four wires to pins 1-4 of the 9-pin 
"D" connector. Reading from top to 
bottom, the correct pin order is 1, 4, 
3. and 2. 



•C5 

■|00 M F 



Rll 
4.7H 



RI2 
IK 



RIO 
IK 



9 PIN 

'D' 

CONNECTOR 

ON 

LIGHT PEN 

PORT 



r 



Figure. Correct placement of wires 
to the 9-pln "D" connector. 



Circle 415 on Reader Service card. 



MS-DOS AND COCO SOFTWARE 

CMODEM TELECOMMUNICATIONS PRO- 
GRAM S100-FLEX, OS/9, MS-DOS, UNIX 
OBJECT-ONLY versions: EACH $50 
NEW: OS/9-68K 

menu-driven with terminal mode, file transfer, 
MODEM7, XON-XOFF, etc. 

SUPER SLEUTH DISASSEMBLERS EACH 
S99-FLEX $101 -OS/9 

OBJECT-ONLY versions: EACH S50-FLEX, 
OS/9, COCO 

interactively generate source on disk with 
labels, include xref, binary editing specify 
6800, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9/6502 version or Z80/ 
8080,5 version 

NEW: 68010 disassembler $100-FLEX, OS/9, 
OS/9-68K, MS-DOS, UNIX 

CROSS-ASSEMBLERS EACH S50-FLEX, 
OS/9, MS-DOS $100 for 3 $200 for all 

specify for 180x, 6502, 6801, 6804, 6805, 
6809, Z8, Z80, 8048, 8051, 8085, 68000 mod- 
ular cross-assemblers in C, with load utilities 
and macros NEW:OS/9*8K 

Computer Systems Consultants, Inc. 
1454 Latta Lane, 
Conyers, GA 30207 

Telephone 404-483-4570 or 1717 to order 
or to request a catalog. 

Most programs In source: you must pro- 
vide computer, O.S., disk type. 
VISA and MASTER CARD accepted; US 
funds only; add 5% shipping. 

FLEX™ Technical Systems Consultants; OS/9™ 
Microware; MS-DOS™ Microsoft. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 95 



Glossary 



Assembly language. This programming lan- 
guage looks like the sample in Fig. 1. If you're 
a beginner, we recommend that you stay away 
from assembly language until you become famil- 
iar with your computer. 

You'll need an editor/assembler to enter and 
save assembly-language programs. You cannot 
enter an assembly-language program into Basic. 

Basic. This is the most commonly used pro- 
gramming language among Tandy and TRS-80 
users. A Basic program will look like the example 
in Program Listing 1. 

Many forms of Basic exist; some are alike and 
some aren't. For instance, a program written in 
Apple Basic won't run on the 4 or 1000. However, 
many Model 4 programs will run on the 1000. 
Some Basics you might encounter are: 

• Level II Basic. This Basic is built into the Models 
I and III, and the Model 4 in Model III mode. You 
can access it by holding down the break key 
while pressing the reset button. You must have 
a cassette player to store programs and data in 
Level II Basic. 

• Disk Basic. The common term for the Basic 
provided on Model I, III, and 4 DOS disks. 

• GW- Basic. A more advanced version of the 
language that comes with MS-DOS machines. 

• BasicG. The Basic that comes with Tandy's 
high-resolution board for the Models III and 4. 

• BasicA. Standard IBM PC Basic. 
Debugging. The process of removing errors 

from a program so that it will run property. 

DOS. This is a disk operating system, which 
is the software that lets you communicate with 
the computer. The Model 4 uses TRSDOS 6.2, 
and the Tandy 1000 uses MS-DOS. The Model 
III uses TRSDOS 1.3. To use the Model 4 In 
Model III mode, you must buy a Model III DOS. 

Model III and 4 owners can buy several DOSes 
made by companies other than Tandy. Many 
Model 4 users buy LDOS for the Model III mode, 
since you can access LDOS data from TRSDOS 
6.2 and vice versa. 

Other DOSes Model III and 4 owners might run 
into are Dosplus, Newdos, and Multidos, although 
only Dosplus is still available. 

Model 4 and Tandy 1000 owners get a DOS 
disk with their computers. When you put your 
DOS disk in your disk drive and push the reset 
button, the computer looks for the DOS and loads 
it automatically into memory. Without a DOS on 
your disk, you cannot access the information on 
that disk or use most programs. 

Many DOSes are machine specific. For exam- 
ple, you cannot use TRSDOS on a Tandy 1000. 

Editor/assembler. See assembly language. 

Program. A program comprises the instructions 
that tell the computer to do something. A program 
can be simple, like the one in Program Listing 
1, which asks you to guess a number from 1 to 
10. On the other hand, it can be vastly complex, 
like most commercial software. 

Programming language. The programming 
language is what the programmer uses to write 
programs. Like human languages, a programming 
language has a vocabulary and a syntax. The 
computer "reads" the language and translates it 
into an action. 

RAM. Random-access memory is empty until 
you put something in it. For example, when you 
load a DOS, you put it into RAM. When you turn 
your machine off, data in RAM disappears. 

ROM. This is read-only memory. A ROM has 
a program or programs permanently burned into 
it; the code sits there whether or not the computer 
is on.B 



How to Read 80 Micro 



If you're new to computing, you might be over- 
whelmed by some of the articles and programs 
in 60 Micro. We admit that most of our articles 
assume you know something about how to use 
your machine. But we also don't think you should 
be intimidated by all of the jargon and odd-looking 
programming code. You can use many of the pro- 
grams in 60 Micro even if you only know how to 
turn on your machine and boot up a disk. 

The following guide will help you to get started. 
We'll take you step by step through the process of 
entering a program into your computer and running 
it. (If you have any trouble with the terms, refer to 
the Glossary.) 

First Things First 

Let's say you've found a program in 80 Micro 
that you'd like to use. Your first step is to determine 
whether you can use the program on your com- 
puter. The Information you need is in the System 
Requirements box, usually toward the front of the 
article. Figure 2 is the box for a mythical program 
we'll call Sample/BAS. 

The first line of the box tells you what computer 
the program runs on. Sample/BAS runs on the 
Model 4. The next line tells you how much memory 
you need— in this case. 128 kilobytes (K). Line 3 
tells you that you must have the TRSDOS 6.2 disk 
operating system (DOS); in other words, the pro- 
gram won't run under TRSDOS 6.0. (The version 
should be stamped on the disk Tandy provides with 
the machine.) The fourth line says that the program 
is written in Basic. 

Let's look at each line in more depth. 

The computer. We will always tell you whether 
the program runs on the III, 4, or 1000. (The Model 
4 Includes the 4P and the 4D.) If the box says 
"Model III," the program will not run on the 4 or 
1000. If it says "Model 4" and "Tandy 1000," the 
program won't work on the Model III. 

We test our programs only on the III, 4, and 
1000. A Tandy 1000 program will probably run on 
the 1200, 2000, and 3000, but we can't guarantee 
it. Many of our programs — particularly ones written 
in Basic — will run on other systems, such as the 
Models I, II, 12, 100, or the Color Computer, but 
again, you'll have to find out for yourself. The num- 
ber of Tandy and TRS-80 computers currently in 
use prohibits us from testing our programs on every 
machine. 

Occasionally, you'll see a line that reads some- 



00220 UP EQU $ 

00230 LD A, (IX+T0P_R0W) 

00240 LD (IX+CUR_ROW),A 

00250 CR_2_NL 

Fig. 1. Example of assembly-language code. 



System Requirements 

Model 4 

128K 

TRSDOS 6.2 

Basic 

Fig. 2. System Requirements box for Sample/BAS. 



thing like "Model 4 with changes." This means that 
you'll have to change some of the original program 
lines (we tell you what to change) to make it work 
on the 4. 

Memory requirements. This is simple enough; 
it tells you how much memory you need to accom- 
modate the program. If the box says "128K RAM," 
the program won't work on a 64K machine. 

Operating system. We'll only give you this in- 
formation if the program is specific to a particular 
operating system or systems. Otherwise, you can 
assume that the program will work with all DOSes 
for the pertinent machines. 

The language. In the majority of cases, this line 
will tell you that the program is written in Basic, 
Disk Basic, assembly language, or a combination 
of Basic and assembly. 

A Basic program will run under any Basic pro- 
vided by Tandy with your machine. In other words, 
if it's a Model III program, it'll work with Level II 
Basic or Disk Basic. 

If the box says "Disk Basic," the program will 
not run on a cassette system. This applies only to 
Model III owners. 

If the box says "Assembly language," the pro- 
gram is written in assembly code. You might need 
an editor/assembler to use the program (more on 
editor/assemblers below). 

If the box says "Disk Basic" and "Assembly 
language," the program combines both. Again, you 
might need an editor/assembler. 

If you need an editor/assembler, the next line will 
tell you so. An editor/assembler is a special piece 
of software you use to enter, save, and run assem- 
bly-language programs. Occasionally, we will in- 
clude a Basic program that will create the assembly- 
language program for you. If so, we'll tell you that 
the editor/assembler is optional. 

The System Requirements box will sometimes 
give you other information, such as whether the 
program requires a printer or a particular piece of 
hardware. 

Entering the Program 

You've read the System Requirements box and 
are certain that the program will run on your com- 
puter. What's next? Let's use the Basic program 
in Program Listing 1, called Guess/BAS, as an 
example. It will run on the Models III and 4 as well 
as the Tandy 1000. 

First, turn the machine on, insert a DOS disk in 
drive zero, and press the reset button. (Do not use 
your original DOS disk; make a backup. See the 
manual for instructions.) Answer the date and time 
prompts if necessary. At the TRSDOS Ready 
prompt (>A on the 1000), type BASIC (you can 
type it in lowercase if you want). The disk-drive 
light will go on, meaning that the computer is re- 
trieving the program Basic from your disk and put- 
ting it into memory. After a few seconds, a copyright 
notice will appear on the screen, along with a 
Ready prompt and a cursor. (The notice and prompt 
will vary slightly among machines.) 

Below is a short, two-line program to warm 
you up for entering longer listings. Type the lines 
exactly as presented, pressing the enter key after 
each one. 

10 CLS <enter> 

20 PRINT "HeOo" < enter > 

Now type LIST. The two lines you just typed will 
appear on the screen. This means that the program 



96 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



is now in memory. To run it, simply type RUN. The 
computer will execute the program. 

Let's go on to Listing 1. Type NEW to erase the 
above program from memory. Now, using the pro- 
cedure described above, enter Guess/BAS. Be sure 
to type everything — spaces and all— exactly as they 
appear in the listing. 

Use the backspace (4D and 1000) or left arrow 
(III, 4, and 4P) to correct errors while typing. If 
you've already pressed the enter key and see a 
mistake, the easiest solution is to simply retype the 
entire line. There are much simpler and more so- 
phisticated ways to correct errors; refer to your 
manual for instructions on program editing (Chapter 
3 of the Model 4 Disk System Owner's Manual, 
Chapter 23 of the Model III Operation and Basic 
Language Reference Manual, and Chapter 4 of the 
Tandy 1000 Basic Reference Manuat). 

Press enter at the end of the program line, not 
at the end of the printed line. 

When you're done, list the program and proof- 
read it. Reenter or edit lines containing typograph- 
ical errors. If you have a printer and would like a 



Program Listing 1. Guess/BAS. 



10 'The computer picks a number , and 
you must guess it. 

20 'After 10 rounds, the computer wi 

11 print your totals and average. 
30 AVERAGES-" .III* 

40 FOR LO0P-1 TO 10 

50 CLS 

60 NUMBER-RND(10) 

70 LINE INPUT "Pick a number from 1 

to 10: "iGOESSS 

80 PRINTS IP VAL(GUESSS) -NUMBER THEN 

PRINT "That's correct I "t RIGHT-RIGHT* 

li ELSE PRINT "Sorry, but that's wro 

ngl":HRONG-WRONG+l 

90 POR TIMER-1 TO 800: NEXT TIHERtNEX 

T LOOP 

100 CLS:PRINT "Correct guesses: "jRI 

GHT 

110 PRINT "Wrong guesses: "iWRONG 

120 PRINTtPRINT "Your Averages "j 

: PRINT USING AVERAGES » RIGHT/10 

130 GOTO 130 

End 



paper copy to proof, type LUST. 

Once you're certain that you've typed In the pro- 
gram accurately, save it to disk (type SAVE 
"GUESS/BAS"). Always save your programs before 
you run them; this will protect you should running 
the program cause your computer to lock up. (When 
the computer locks up, it won't respond to any 
keyboard input and usually requires that you press 
the reset button.) 

Now type RUN and press the enter key. If all is 
well, you'll get to play a little guessing game with 
the computer. To exit the program, press the break 
key; the Ready prompt should return. 

That, in a nutshell, is how you enter, save, and 
run a Basic program. 

Debugging 

Nobody's perfect when it comes to entering pro- 
gram listings. Unfortunately, even the slightest ty- 
pographical error can cause your program to 
malfunction. 

In most cases, you'll have no trouble identifying 
such malfunctions. The program will usually stop 
running and the computer will flash an error mes- 
sage on the screen. Sometimes the program will 
run but won't do what it's supposed to do. In 
extreme cases, the program might cause your com- 
puter to lock up. 

Sometimes the computer will help you out by 
telling you the line in which the error occurred 
("Syntax error in 20," for example). Other times 
you'll have to do some careful proofreading to find 
the mistake. In either case, once you find the error 
you'll have to fix it. See your manual for instructions 
on editing. 

Typos can be infuriatingly difficult to root out. 
You'll be amazed at how well they hide Here are 
some common errors to look for: 

• A colon where a semicolon should be, or vice 
versa. 

• A comma in place of a period, or vice versa. 

• A minus sign (-) in place of an equals sign ( = ), 
or vice versa. 

• Swapped greater-than (>) and less-than (<) 
signs. 



• A missing parenthesis. 

• A missing quotation mark ("). 

• Mixed-up operators (*,/, + ,-). 

• Swapped characters; for example, B's instead 
of 8*8. zeros for O's, and the letter I for the 
number 1. 

We don't have room here to go into a lengthy 
discussion on debugging techniques. But the above 
hints should get you started. 

A Little Help 

Program Listing 2, Checksum/BAS, is a simple 
program proofer that will help you check your listing 
after you've entered it. It uses the checksum values 
at the far right of each program listing to identify 
typographical errors. The text accompanying Listing 
2 will tell you how to use it. Checksum/BAS appears 
each month on Load 80 (see p. 6 for ordering 
information). 

Another program that might be helpful is Make- 
Data, which appeared on p. 64 of the June 1986 
issue. This utility lets you automatically enter long 
Data statements (a Data statement looks like this: 
DATA 12,233,45,65,121), thus reducing the possi- 
bility of a costly error. MakeData is also available 
on the June edition of Load 80. 

Finally, Model III owners can use Loc-Editor, a 
proofing program originally published on p. 206 of 
the April 1982 80 Micro. Loc-Editor traps errors and 
displays the line in which the error occurred. It is 
available each month on Load 80. 

Got a Problem? 

80 Micro's technical staff checks and double- 
checks all programs before they're published. The 
listings are printed out directly from disk, thus elim- 
inating input errors. The listings in the magazine 
are therefore debugged, and the programs will run 
if typed in correctly. 

Alas, no one is perfect, and occasionally a rare 
production goof will cause a program to act up. If 
you're completely convinced that the error is ours 
and not yours, write or call our technical staff (80 
Micro, 80 Pine St.. Peterborough. NH 03458, 603- 
924-9471 ).■ 



Program Listing 2. Checksum/BAS. Use this to check programs you've 


entered from 80 


Micro for typographical errors. 






10 'CHECKSUM/BAS by Beve Woodbury — 2/7/86 


i * 


97 


20 CLEAR 1000:CLS:PRINT8140, "VERIFY CHECKSUMS ON PROGRAM" 


■ • 


3714 


30 PRINT: PRINT: INPUT "Enter name of File to verify";FS 


■ • 


4278 


40 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT "List Checksums to:" 


> » 


3234 


50 PRINT TAB(20) "<P>rinter " :PRINT TAB(20) "<S>creen" 


< • 


3629 


60 PRINT: PRINT: PRINT TAB(30);"? "; 


• • 


2149 


70 KS-INKEYS 


■ * 


727 


80 IF KS-*P" OR KS-"p" OR KS-"S" OR KS-"s" THEN 90 ELSE 70 
90 PRINT KS:IF KS-'P* OR KS-"p" THEN LP-1 


■ • 


3272 


* * 


2440 


100 OPEN "I",1,F$ 


> * 


899 


110 IF EOF(l) THEN CLOSE:ENO 


> * 


1715 


120 LINE INPUTfl,LS:L-VAL(LEFT$(L$,6)) 


• • 


2276 


130 IF Z-2 AND L-0 THEN 110 


1 1 


1529 


140 A-VARPTR(LS) :GOSUB 280:Q-PEEK (A) 


• » 


2246 


150 LS-PEEMA+1) :MS-PEEK(A+2) :A-MS*256+LS:GOSUB 280 


• * 


3117 


160 IF INSTR(LS,"'") THEN GOSUB 300 


■ * 


988 


165 IP RIGHTS (L$,l)-' " THEN IQ-Q:GOSUB 320 


• * 


2514 


170 Z-2 


• * 


385 


180 FOR K-l TO Q:P-PEEK(A) :CS-CS+P:A-A+1 :NEXT K 


• » 


2946 


190 IF CS-0 THEN 110 


• * 


1133 


200 IF CS<100000I THEN D$-"-" 


1 » 


1530 


210 IF CS<10000 THEN D$-"- " 


■ * 


1482 


220 IF CS<1000 THEN DS-"- " 


• * 


1467 


230 IF CS<100 THEN DS-"- 


• » 


1452 


240 IP LP-1 THEN LPRINT "Line" ;L;D$;CS, :CS-0:GOTO 110 


• » 


3372 


250 PRINT "Line";LjDS;CS:CS-0:X-X+l 


> * 


2283 


260 IF X-14 THEN x=0: PRINT TAB (30) "Press <ENTER> to continue. 






ELSE 110 


• * 


4929 


270 K$-INKEY$:IF K$OCHR$(13) THEN 270 ELSE 110 


> • 


2708 


280 IP A>32767 THEN A-(65536 l-A) *-l 


> • 


1871 


290 RETURN 


■ » 


667 


300 I-INSTR(L$,"'") :IQ-I-1 


■ • 


943 


310 IF LEN(L$)-INSTR(L$,"'") THEN RETURN 


• » 


1462 


320 FOR I-IQ TO 1 STEP -1 


• * 


1482 


330 C-ASC(MIDS(L$,I,D) 


• * 


1263 


340 IF C<33 THEN NEXT I 


' » 


1378 


350 RL$-LEFT$(L$,I) :Q-LEN(RL$) : RETURN 


> * 


2320 
End 



Using the Checksum Program 

Basic program listings in 80 Micro include a 
checksum value at the end of each line. This 
value is the sum of the ASCII values of all char- 
acters and spaces in the line, excluding remarks. 
You can use these values to test the accuracy 
of your typing after you copy listings from the 
magazine. 

To check your typing, follow these steps: 

• Type in program code exactly as listed, omitting 
the indentations (when program lines continue to 
a second or third magazine line), the '* characters 
and checksum values, and comments. 

• Save the program in ASCII format with the 
command SAVE "file name". A. 

• Load and run Checksum (see Program Listing 
2). The program will prompt you for the name of 
the file to be verified and give you the option of 
sending the line numbers and checksum values 
to the printer or to the screen. Enter P for printer, 
S for screen. 

When printing to the screen, Checksum lists 
14 lines and then waits for you to press the enter 
key. You can type in comment lines. 

• Compare the displayed line numbers and 
checksum values with the checksums shown in 
the listing. Find and correct errors in lines having 
checksum values that don't match. 

—Beverly Woodbury 
Technical Editor 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 97 



REVIEWS 



Continued from p. 39 

Publish It Yourself 

by Jeffrey Parker 

**•• 

Clickart Personal Publisher runs on 
the Tandy 1000, 1200. or 3000 (512K) 
and requires two disk drives or one disk 
drive and a hard drive. Software Publish- 
ing Inc.. 1901 Landings Drive. P.O. Box 
7210. Mountain View. CA 94039-7210. 
415-962-8910. $185. 

A mouse is a mouse, pictures are pic- 
tures, and text is text, you say. 
Many do not realize the difference be- 
tween desktop-publishing software and a 
plain PC Paint- type program. But there is 
a difference. A desktop-publishing pro- 
gram is designed to make what you write 
look professional, like a commercial prod- 
uct. It lets you play with text and graph- 
ics, although not in the same framework. 
Just try to reproduce a page of the daily 
newspaper with a paint program. 

Enter Clickart Personal Publisher: It's 
born for the Mac. bred for the MS-DOS 
market, and easy to run on your Tandy 
machine. Personal Publisher is not 
geared to crank out The Wall Street 
Journal, but it can produce small-scale 
jobs such as a souped-up sales letter, 
fancy memos, or a multipage newsletter 
with graphics. If you are an experienced 
user, this program can reward you with 
attractive reports and announcements. 
If you are an amateur, it can be perfect 
for a club newsletter, a school project, or 
any other task that combines printed 
material and pizazz. 

Personal Publisher has several powerful 
features and some of the best documen- 
tation I have ever seen. It comes with a 
tutorial containing realistic examples of 
how to operate the program, including 
accurate reproductions of what you 
should see on screen. The manual has 
an index, a trouble-shooting guide, a 
glossary, and a catalog of printer options 
that includes laser-printer support. 

Separation Is the Key 

Pretend that you are looking at an 
overhead slide projection of text. Over- 
lay the text with a diagram of a car and 
realign the text to wrap around the dia- 
gram so both text and car are still on 
their own overlays. Change the type 
style and shift the line spacing accord- 
ingly, and you should have an idea of 
how Personal Publisher operates. It 
works on a separation model— a true 
publishing concept — and this is where it 
gets its graceful handling. Continue the 
above scenario by putting a hand icon in 
a box around the car and stretching the 
box to encompass the car: the text is 
neatly wrapped around the car in less 



time than it takes to read this. 

Unlike paint programs. Personal Pub- 
lisher keeps the text and the graphics en- 
tirely separate. You can easily jump 
between the overlays but can't manipu- 
late text while moving an image. Far from 
a limitation, this is the only sensible way 
to handle these separate elements. 

Personal Publisher comes with a 
unique feature called Snapshot, a com- 
mand argument that lets you take a pic- 
ture of any screen image from any soft- 
ware and convert it into an art file that 
Personal Publisher can read. I was a little 
startled when it actually worked. Also 
included is a built-in image editor to re- 
configure the snapshot to the correct dis- 
play parameters, such as a 40- or 80- 
column image, black and white or color, 
and so on. This feature alone is worth the 
program's price. 

To get the most out of Personal Pub- 
lisher, you need an enhanced graphics 
adapter (EGA) or Hercules graphics 
card, but it works with the standard IBM 
color graphics adapter (CGA) supplied 
with Tandy's PC compatibles. It sup- 
ports many popular printer drivers (in- 
cluding Tandy printers), as well as the 
Microsoft or Mouse Systems mouse or an 
equivalent. A "no mouse" command 
hands control to the cursor arrows on 
the keyboard, while the F10 key acts as 
a toggle for the mouse button. Whether 
or not you use the mouse, the keyboard 
is always available. 

Publisher comes with several macro 
art files from which you cull images and 
then use them on screen. Imagine going 
to that paint program now and taking a 
snapshot of all your graphic images or a 
font you like that Publisher does not in- 
clude, and then using it as a transformed 
Clickart file. It's really as clean and easy 
as I have described. Personal Publisher 
comes with 12 fonts; more are available, 
but you must purchase them separately. 

Conclusion 

If I had to pick a major drawback to 
this program, it would be the time nec- 
essary to call up images and redo a 
screen. Also, the package and documen- 
tation give conflicting memory require- 
ments. Some places indicate 384K RAM 
is required, and elsewhere it is 512K. Be 
advised that this program runs in a 
512K environment only. 

I tested Personal Publisher on a Tandy 
1200 HD with a high-resolution RGB 
monitor and standard graphics card: it 
worked fine. Whether you want to expe- 
rience a versatile desktop-publishing 
package or just want to put out an at- 
tractive club newsletter, this program is 
a best buy. While Personal Publisher is a 
serious program for professionals, it is 
also a lot of fun.B 



Cross Yourself 

by David Engelhardt 

• •*• 

TRSCROSS runs on the Tandy 1000. 
1200. or 3000 (128K) and requires one 
disk drive. Powersoft Products. 17060 
Dallas Parkway, Suite 114. Dallas, TX 
75248. 214-733-4475. $89.95. 

If you have access to both MS-DOS and 
Model I. Ill, or 4 computers, you might 
someday want to transfer a file or pro- 
gram from one machine to the other. 
The most laborious and time-consuming 
method is transferring one line at a time 
by hand. Alternatives include sending 
information via the RS-232 ports— a 
long and involved process— or finding a 
utility program that does it for you. An 
example of the latter is TRSCROSS by 
Breeze/QSD. 

TRSCROSS runs on an MS-DOS ma- 
chine, regulating the disk-controller 
chip to read from and write to a TRS-80 
double density disk. Using a standard 
Model I doesn't work unless it has the 
double-density-controller upgrade. 
ANSI. SYS should be installed in your 
Config.SYS file if you're using MS-DOS 
version 2.11, or TRSCROSS crashes. 
The program is not copy-protected and 
runs on any MS-DOS computer equipped 
with the memory-expansion card hold- 
ing a DMA controller chip. 

Simple Conversions 

TRSCROSS does not accurately con- 
vert Basic programs from one machine 
to another, although it does perform mi- 
nor conversions when moving from the 
TRS-80 disk to an MS-DOS system disk. 
It converts the Print Using command 
and changes Print® statements to Lo- 
cate and Print. Once the program is in 
the target machine, any major conver- 
sion is up to you. 

When testing TRSCROSS, I trans- 
ferred Basic programs and data files be- 
tween TRS-80 and MS-DOS disks. The 
programs ended up with alterations and 
syntax errors that were, nonetheless, 
easy to locate and fix. Remember that 
you should carefully watch the conver- 
sion process when moving Basic pro- 
grams from one format to another. I 
found no problems in transferring data 
files, and you can port Superscripsit files 
to an MS-DOS machine if you have saved 
them in ASCII format. 

Transfer Options 

TRSCROSS is menu-driven. Copy the 
TRSCROSS flies onto an MS-DOS disk 
containing an operating system and in- 
stall it in drive A. The Radio Shack TRS- 
80 disk goes in drive B. The main menu 



98 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



REVIEWS 



EXPRESS CHECKOUTS 



contains six options: copy to or from a 
TRS-80 disk, format TRS-80 disks, purge 
programs, display directories, or exit. You 
make menu selections using number, 
function, and cursor-control keys. Home, 
end, and page keys scroll through options 
and commands. Some screens incorpo- 
rate a help text should you run aground 
or need a quick reminder. 

You can transfer most files across sys- 
tems as long as they have ASCII, Basic, 
DAT, or MP-type file-name extensions. 
TRSCROSS keys on the extension and 
automatically marks the file type, or you 
can suppress this function. You can 
mark files as ASCII, binary, Basic, or su- 
pers, or use no mark for no transfer. 

You should not move machine-depend- 
ent object files, as they won't run on differ- 
ent operating systems. Transferring bi- 
nary data-disk files results in a mirror im- 
age of the original. TRSCROSS supports 
the use of wild-card mask characters ( • . * ) 
for multiple transfers in some cases. 
Copying files with TRSCROSS is slow be- 
cause of the complex actions required to 
access a TRS-80 disk. To keep you from 
wringing your hands during the wait, an 
interactive information line monitors 
the source drive, providing a constant 
update on the file and disk location. 

Another useful option purges un- 
wanted programs from the TRS-80 disk. 
If you've done a lot of transferring and 
run out of space, it's much easier to de- 
lete files with TRSCROSS than by boot- 
ing up your Model I, III, or 4. TRSCROSS 
also displays directories and free space 
left on either TRS-80 or MS-DOS disks. 

The program lets you format disks in 
TRSDOS 6/LDOS. TRSDOS 1.3, and 
Newdos/80 configurations. Options in- 
clude the number of cylinders (35 or 40) 
and single- or double-sided formatting. 
TRSCROSS verifies the disk in the for- 
mat process and displays errors should 
they occur. TRSCROSS must format a 
TRS-80 disk before the transfer process 
can begin. It formats using a gap-patch 
method, meaning that a gap exists be- 
tween the disk index hole and its first 
sector. The gap-patch installation has no 
discernible effect when a TRS-80 ac- 
cesses the disk in normal operation. 

Although TRSCROSS had no problem 
reading a Model III disk, it could not read 
Model 4 disks without using the TRS- 
CROSS format process. Transfer your 
Model 4 files to the newly formatted disk 
and use TRSCROSS to move files to an- 
other computer. You can try moving files 
without formatting a disk, but you might 
get an error message for your trouble. 

I was impressed with TRSCROSS and 
its capabilities, keeping in mind that it 
wasn't designed to convert programs 
but to easily transfer programs and files. 
As such, it's a super time-saver. ■ 



Ztimel 

• •• 

Ztlme 1 runs on the Model III, 4. 4D. or 4P 
with CP/M 2.2. Kenmore Computer Tech- 
nologies, RO. Box 635, Kenmore, NY 
14217. 716-877-0617. $69 for the kit. $89 
assembled and tested, $29 for the bare 
board, $ 14 for the extender cable. 

Ztimel Is a hardware clock board that 
requires no external ports, unlike those 
that use the expansion port connector, 
and is small enough (14 by 2 by 3 inches) 
to fit into any computer. You insert the 
clock into your computer's Z80 socket 
on the main circuit board. A small but- 
ton-style watch battery provides power 
backup; according to KCT it should last 
at least one year. 

To install Ztimel. carefully remove 
the Z80 chip from your computer and 
plug it into the clock board; then insert 
the board into the Z80 socket. You must 
also change the port addressing on the 
clock board. As delivered by KCT, 
Ztimel uses the base port address of EO 
hexadecimal (hex); for a TRS-80 com- 
puter, you must change this address to 
20 hex. To do this, cut the trace between 
the two points labeled EO and then add 
a jumper wire between the points la- 
beled 20 hex. 

The accompanying documentation in- 
cludes circuit diagrams, parts lists, and 
the clock chip's data specifications, as 
well as a standard instruction manual. 
Unfortunately, It doesn't directly ad- 
dress the peculiarities of the TRS-80 line 
because Ztimel is designed for all Z80 
computers. 

Ztimel includes software to set and 
read the time and date on the clock; it also 
includes source code for Basic, Pascal, 
and C. The problem for TRSDOS users is 
that the programs are CP/M-based and 
come in 8-inch IBM. 5%-lnch Kaypro, Xe- 
rox 820. or Osborne format. A utility pro- 
gram configures the C and Pascal 
versions to a base port address other 
than EO hex. eliminating the need to re- 
compile them. If you have Montezuma 
Micro's CP/M 2.2. the programs will 
work fine. If you don't have CP/M capa- 
bility, don't despair. The source code 
also comes on a convenient printout. 

In TRSDOS. you must use the Basic 
program listing to set the date and time 
and to read it later. If you're a Basic pro- 
grammer, it's easy to take KCT's 6K pro- 
gram and trim it down to a more efficient 
1.5K. You can even disable the TRSDOS 
date and time prompts, use the Auto 
command to run a Basic program that 
reads the date and time, and poke it into 
the TRSDOS clock area. Machine-lan- 
guage programmers should be able to 
write a routine to do this from DOS. You 
can also create a Basic, C. or Pascal rou- 



tine in your programs to get the exact 
date and time for any purpose. 

With Ztimel, you'll never have to mess 
with DOS date and time prompts again. It 
is reasonably priced, easy to install, and 
should work with any software. 

—Terry Kepner 

Scenery Disks 

• •• 

Flight Simulator Scenery Disks run 

on the Tandy 1000. 1200. or 2000 and 
require one disk drive and Flight Simu- 
lator II. Microsoft Flight Simulator, or 
Jet. Sublogic Corp.. 713 Edgebrook 
Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, 217-359- 
8482. $19.95 each. 
• *•• 

Star Scenery Disks run on the Tandy 
1000, 1200, or 2000 and require one disk 
drive and the above-mentioned simulator 
programs. Sublogic Corp. $19.95 each. 

If you were thrilled by Flight Simula- 
tor, you've probably been awaiting with 
high expectations the arrival of Sublog- 
ic's new scenery disks. Although I was 
impressed with the original program's 
scenic details, I wanted more. The 12 
new scenery disks cover the 37 NOAA 
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration) sectional aeronautical 
charts for the U.S. Now you can fly all 
over the country. 

The IBM PC version works fine on 
Tandy hardware. You must have already 
loaded Flight Simulator II, Microsoft 
Flight Simulator, or Jet in order to use a 
scenery disk. A brief manual covers dif- 
ferences between Flight Simulator ver- 
sions and their use on specific 
computers. You also get a directory of 
airports and navigation aids, including 
navigational charts of each sectional on 
the disks. 

You enter Flight Simulator as you nor- 
mally would; then insert a scenery disk 
and press control-E. After you load the 
scenery data, choose the sectional you 
want to play and re-enter the simulator. 
First, you'll notice that most of the neat 
details from Flight Simulator— roads, 
mountains, bridges, buildings, airport 
taxiways, and smaller local airports- 
are not present on the scenery disks. For 
a non-pilot type like myself, this was a 
letdown. 

On the plus side, the scenery disks 
provide a much wider flight area with 
several destinations. For those who en- 
joy charting a flight path, the possibili- 
ties have expanded considerably. For 
those who fly by the seats of their pants, 
the horizons are actually narrowed by 
the lack of topological detail. 

When I contacted Sublogic, they ex- 
plained that it was too difficult to include 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 99 



80 MICRO'S LIST of ADVERTISERS 



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Aerocomp 24 

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Alpha Products 13. 15 

Aniiek Software Products 7 

ATD 52. 52A, 63. 69. 93 

BCCompco 131 

Beaman Porter 77 

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CompuServe 30. 31 

CDA World of Computers 67 

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Computer Plus 120 

Computer Supplies of Peterborough 102 

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75 Radio Shack 22. 23. 124. 125 

371 Seatronics 71 

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For further Information from our advertisers, 

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The SPS-300 is compact, maintenance free and can be located 
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P.O. Box 223957 
Dallas, Texas 75212 



r-HjfrWn l- J 



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— 4M* 

VISA Ma -'■' 



100 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



READER SERVICE 

This card valid until April 30, 1987 

A. How would you describe your interest in MS-DOS, IBM Compatible Systems? 

1. : I own an MS-DOS, IBM compatible system. 3. t : I'm interested but have no immediate 
2.1 I intend to purchase. plans to purchase. 

4. f J Not Interested. 

B. On a scale ol 1 (no interest) to 5 (great interest), please rate your interest in seeing the following 
types of programs published in 80 Micro: 

1. Business applications 4. Money management applications 

2. Science/math applications 5. Games 

3. Home management applications 6. Programming Utilities 

C. Excluding yourself, how many people read your copy of 80 Micro? 

1. L One 3. : : Three 5. Five or more 

2. 1 : Two 4. G Four 

D. What type of TRS-80/Tandy Computer do you own? Check all that apply. 



1. 1 : Model I 

2. Model II/12 

3. L" Model III 

4. [ ) Model 4/4P/4D 

5. □ Model 4D 



Model 16/16B/6O00 
Model 100/200 
Model 600 
Model 1000 
Model 1200 



11. C Model 2000 

12. G Model 3000 



E. How long have you owned your TRS-80/Tandy Computer? 

1. G Less than 1 year 4. Q 3-4 years 

2. G 1-2 years 5. Q More than 4 years 
3. !: 2-3 years 

F. Do you subscribe to an information utility, such as CompuServe, Dow Jones News Retrieval, etc.? 
1. D Yes 2. C No 3. C Not now. but Intend to 

within 12 months. 

G. Do you plan to purchase another TRS-80/Tandy Computer during the next 12 months? 
LCYes 2-CNo 3. C Don't know 

H. Where do you use your TRS-80/Tandy Computer? Check all that apply. 
1. C At home for pleasure 4. C At school 

2. ' * At home for business 5. C For math/science applications In any loca- 

3. D At work tlon 

I. The articles in 80 Micro are: 
1.G Too simple 2. C Too complex 3. G Just right 

J. How many purchases have you made based on an ad you saw in 80 Micro? 

1. C 2. D 1-3 3. C 4 or more 

K. Which of the following columns do you read? Please rate them on a scale of 1 (seldom read) to 5 
(always read). 

1. Side Tracks 5. The Next Step 9. Reviews 

2. Feedback Loop 6. Dave's MS-DOS Column 10. New Products 

3. Pulse Train 7. Fine Lines H.HotCoCo 

4. The Art of Programming 8. Reader Forum 

L. If you are not a subscriber, please circle 500. 

M. If you would like a one year subscription to 80 Micro, please circle 501 on the Reader Service 
Card. Each subscription costs $24.97. (Canada & Mexico $27.97. Foreign Surface $44.97, one 
year only). Please allow 10-12 weeks for delivery. 



Reader Service: To receive more information from any of the advertisers in this issue, 
circle the number of the Reader Service Card that corresponds with the Reader Service 
number on the ad in which you are interested. You will find numbers. Complete the en- 
tire card, stamp and drop into a mailbox. In 4-6 weeks you will hear from the advertiser 
directly. 



1 6 


11 


16 


21 


151 158 161 166 171 


301 306 311 316 321 


451 456 461 466 471 


2 7 


i? 


17 


22 


152 157 162 167 172 


302 307 312 317 322 


452 457 462 467 472 


3 8 


13 


18 


23 


153 158 163 168 173 


303 308 313 318 323 


453 458 463 468 473 


4 9 


14 


19 


24 


154 159 164 169 174 


304 309 314 319 324 


454 459 464 469 474 


5 10 


15 


20 


26 


155 160 165 170 175 


305 310 315 320 325 


455 460 465 470 475 


26 31 


36 


41 


46 


176 181 186 191 196 


326 331 336 341 346 


476 481 466 491 496 


27 32 


37 


<? 


47 


177 182 187 192 197 


327 332 337 342 347 


477 482 487 492 497 


28 33 


31 


4.1 


48 


178 163 188 193 198 


328 333 338 343 348 


478 483 488 493 496 


29 34 


39 


44 


49 


179 184 189 194 199 


329 334 339 344 349 


479 464 469 494 499 


30 35 


40 


45 


50 


180 185 190 195 200 


330 335 340 345 350 


480 485 490 495 500 


51 56 


SI 


66 


71 


201 206 211 216 221 


351 356 361 366 371 


501 506 5H 516 521 


52 57 


62 


67 


!! 


202 207 212 217 222 


352 357 362 36/ 372 


502 507 512 517 522 


53 58 


63 


68 


73 


203 208 213 218 223 


353 358 363 368 373 


503 508 513 618 523 


54 59 


64 


69 


74 


204 209 214 219 224 


354 359 364 369 374 


504 509 514 519 524 


55 60 


65 


70 


75 


205 210 215 220 225 


355 360 365 370 375 


505 510 515 520 525 


76 81 


66 


91 


96 


226 231 236 241 246 


376 381 386 391 396 


526 531 536 541 546 


77 82 


67 


9? 


97 


227 232 237 242 247 


377 382 387 392 397 


527 532 537 542 547 


78 83 


88 


9.1 


98 


228 233 238 243 248 


378 383 388 393 398 


528 533 538 543 548 


79 84 


89 


94 


99 


229 234 239 244 249 


379 384 389 394 399 


529 534 539 544 549 


80 85 


90 


95 100 


230 235 240 245 250 


380 385 390 .195 400 


530 535 540 545 550 


101 106 


111 


116 


121 


251 256 261 266 271 


401 406 411 416 421 


551 556 561 566 571 


102 107 


112 117 122 


252 257 262 267 272 


402 407 412 417 422 


552 557 562 567 572 


103 108 


113 118 


123 


253 258 263 268 273 


403 408 413 418 423 


553 558 563 568 573 


104 109 


114 


M9 


124 


254 259 264 269 274 


404 409 414 419 424 


554 559 564 569 574 


105 110 115 120 


125 


255 260 265 270 275 


405 410 415 420 425 


555 560 565 570 575 


126 131 


136 


141 


146 


276 281 286 291 296 


426 431 436 441 446 


576 581 586 591 596 


127 132 137 


U? 


147 


277 282 287 292 297 


427 432 437 442 447 


577 582 587 592 597 


128 133 138 143 


148 


278 283 288 293 298 


428 433 438 443 448 


578 583 588 593 598 


129 134 


139 144 


149 


279 284 289 294 299 


429 434 439 444 449 


579 584 589 594 599 


130 135 


140 


145 


150 


280 285 290 295 300 


430 435 440 445 450 


580 585 590 595 600 



Name 



Title 



Address 
City 



State 



Zip 



Telephone ( 



micro February 1 987 2 



READER SERVICE 

This card valid until April 30, 1987 

A. How would you describe your interest in MS-DOS, IBM Compatible Systems? 

1. C I own an MS-DOS. IBM compatible system. 3. D I'm interested but have no immediate 

2. I intend to purchase. plans to purchase. 

4. D Not interested. 

B. On a scale of 1 (no interest) to 5 (great interest), please rate your Interest In seeing the following 
types of programs published in 80 Micro: 

1. Business applications 4. Money management applications 

2. Science/math applications 5. Games 

3. Home management applications 6. Programming Utilities 

C. Excluding yourself, how many people read your copy of 80 Micro? 



1. One 

2. D Two 



3. G Three 

4. G Four 



5. □ Five or more 



D. What type of TRS-80/Tandy Computer do you own? Check all that apply. 

1. C Model I 6. C Model 16/1 6B/6000 11. D Model 2000 
2. :: Model 11/12 7. G Model 100/200 12. □ Model 3000 

3. Model III 8. G Model 600 

4. G Model 4/4P/4D 9. L: Model 1000 

5. G Model 4D 10. T : Model 1200 

E. How long have you owned your TRS-80/Tandy Computer? 
1. : Less than 1 year 4. i . 3-4 years 

2. 1-2 years 5. ' More than 4 years 
3 2-3 years 

F. Do you subscribe to an information utility, such as CompuServe. Dow Jones News Retrieval, etc.? 
LGYes 2. C No 3. C Not now, but intend to 

within 12 months. 

G. Do you plan to purchase another TRS-80/Tandy Computer during the next 12 months? 
1 . 1 : Yes 2. C No 3. C Don't know 

H. Where do you use your TRS-80/Tandy Computer? Check all that apply. 
1. . : At home for pleasure 4. O At school 

2. At home for business 5. G For math/science applications in any loca- 

3. ! : At work tlon 

I. The articles in 80 Micro are: 
1.C Too simple 2. C Too complex 3. G Just right 

J. How many purchases have you made based on an ad you saw in 80 Micro? 
1.G0 2. C 1-3 3. G 4 or more 

K. Which of the following columns do you read? Please rate them on a scale of 1 (seldom read) to 5 
(always read). 

1. Side Tracks 5. The Next Step 9. Reviews 

2. Feedback Loop 6. Dave's MS-DOS Column 10. New Products 

3. Pulse Train 7. Fine Lines II.HotCoCo 

4. The Art of Programming 8. Reader Forum 

L. If you are not a subscriber, please circle 500. 

M. If you would like a one year subscription to 80 Micro, please circle 501 on the Reader Service 
Card. Each subscription costs $24.97. (Canada & Mexico $27.97, Foreign Surface $44.97, one 
yearoniv). Please allow 10-12 weeks for del iverv. 



Reader Service: To receive more information from any of the advertisers in this issue, 
circle the number of the Reader Service Card that corresponds with the Reader Service 
number on the ad in which you are interested. You will find numbers. Complete the en- 
tire card, stamp and drop into a mailbox. In 4-6 weeks you will hear from the advertiser 
directly. 



1 6 


11 16 


21 


151 156 161 166 171 


301 306 311 316 321 


451 456 461 466 471 


2 7 


12 17 


22 


152 157 162 167 172 


302 307 312 317 322 


452 457 462 467 472 


3 8 


13 18 


.'J 


153 158 163 168 173 


303 306 313 318 323 


453 458 463 468 473 


4 9 


14 19 


24 


154 159 164 169 174 


304 309 314 319 324 


454 459 464 469 474 


5 10 


15 20 


25 


155 160 165 170 175 


305 310 315 320 325 


455 460 465 470 475 


26 31 


36 41 


46 


176 181 186 191 196 


326 331 336 341 346 


476 481 486 491 496 


27 32 


37 42 


*l 


177 182 187 192 197 


327 332 337 342 347 


477 482 487 492 497 


28 33 


38 43 


48 


178 183 188 193 198 


328 333 338 343 348 


478 483 488 493 498 


29 34 


39 44 


49 


179 184 189 194 199 


329 334 339 344 349 


479 484 489 494 499 


30 35 


40 45 


50 


180 185 190 195 200 


330 335 340 345 350 


480 485 490 495 500 


51 56 


61 66 


71 


201 206 211 216 221 


351 356 361 366 371 


501 506 511 516 521 


52 57 


62 67 


72 


202 207 212 217 222 


352 357 362 367 372 


502 507 512 517 522 


53 58 


63 68 


73 


203 206 213 218 223 


353 358 363 368 373 


503 508 513 518 523 


54 59 


64 69 


74 


204 209 214 219 224 


354 359 364 369 374 


504 509 514 519 524 


55 60 


65 70 


75 


205 210 215 220 225 


355 360 365 370 375 


505 510 515 520 525 


76 81 


86 91 


96 


226 231 236 241 246 


376 38' 386 391 396 


526 531 536 541 546 


77 62 


87 92 


97 


227 232 237 242 247 


377 382 387 392 397 


527 532 537 542 547 


78 63 


88 93 


98 


228 233 238 243 248 


378 383 388 393 398 


528 533 538 543 548 


79 84 


89 94 


99 


229 234 239 244 249 


379 384 389 394 399 


529 534 539 544 549 


B0 85 


90 95 


100 


230 235 240 245 250 


380 385 390 395 400 


530 535 540 545 550 


101 106 


111 116 


121 


251 256 261 266 271 


401 406 411 416 421 


551 556 561 566 571 


102 107 


112 117 


122 


252 257 262 267 272 


402 407 412 417 422 


552 557 562 567 572 


103 106 113 118 


123 


253 258 263 268 273 


403 408 413 418 423 


553 558 563 568 573 


104 109 114 119 


124 


254 259 264 269 274 


404 409 414 419 424 


554 559 564 569 574 


105 110 


115 120 


125 


255 260 265 270 275 


405 410 415 420 425 


555 560 565 570 575 


126 131 


136 141 


146 


276 281 286 291 2% 


426 431 436 441 446 


576 581 586 591 596 


127 132 


137 142 


147 


277 282 287 292 297 


427 432 437 442 447 


577 582 587 592 597 


126 133 


138 143 


148 


278 283 288 293 298 


428 433 438 443 448 


576 583 588 593 598 


129 134 


139 144 


149 


279 284 289 294 299 


429 434 439 444 449 


579 584 589 594 599 


130 135 


140 145 


150 


280 285 290 295 300 


430 435 440 445 450 


580 585 590 595 600 



Name 



Title 



Address 
City 



State 



Zip 



Telephone 



micro 



February 1987 2 



PLACE 

STAMP 

HERE 



80 Micro 
P.O. Box 306 

Da I ton, MA 01227 



PLACE 

STAMP 

HERE 



80 Micro 
P.O. Box 306 
Dalton, MA 01227 



EXPRESS CHECKOUTS 



scenery details as originally planned due 
to memory constraints on some com- 
puters; instead, they focused on cross- 
country navigation features. As a con- 
solation prize, the company has issued 
the Star scenery disks for those who 
would rather go sight-seeing than solve 
navigational problems. 

The Star series offers detailed scenery 
for much smaller sectional areas. The 
Star scenery disk for San Francisco, for 
example, delivers the additional scenery 
details one would expect, such as the 
Golden Gate Bridge, neighboring moun- 
tains, and skyscrapers. You can even 
buzz Alcatraz Island in the bay. Load 
and operate the Star disks as you would 
the other scenery disks. 

Flight Simulator and Jet pilots now 
have a distinct choice in how to expand 
upon the original programs. If you enjoy 
the navigational and technical aspects of 
flying, Sublogic's scenery disks will sat- 
isfy you. However, if you enjoy looking 
out the windows, skip the other set and 
snatch up the Star scenery disks. 

—Robert Keller 

Memcheck 

• • 

Memcheck runs on the Model 4. 4P, or 
4D and requires one disk drive and 
TRSDOS 6.2. RSI Software, P.O. Box 
6094, Deltona. FL 32728. 305-574- 
6469. $29.95. 

If you suspect that your Model 4 is los- 
ing its memory, Memcheck can verify or 
dispell your fears. This inexpensive di- 
agnostic program examines a Model 4's 
RAM for potential hardware problems 
and can test up to 1 megabyte (MB), in 
case you have one of the newer extended 
memory boards. 

Diagnostic utilities fall into two 
classes: one looks at hardware and dis- 
plays its findings in depth on the screen, 
and the other goes through the motions 
and signs off with an unsatisfying "you 
have passed the test." Since Memcheck 
falls into the latter category, it's useful- 
ness is tough to assess. 

Initially, Memcheck lets you run a sim- 
ple, complex, or combination test; 
change the amount of recognized mem- 
ory; or exit from the program. In the 
menu's upper right corner is a memory- 
size display. If the stated amount disa- 
grees with the computer's actual mem- 
ory size, select the option to change 
recognized memory. Choose one of six 
preset memory increments (64. 128. 
256. 512. 768, or 1.024K) or instruct the 
program to recalculate the amount of 
memory. A simple memory test involves 
setting and checking for all bits on and 
off. A complex test consists of setting 
and checking for two alternating bit pat- 



Opt-Tech Sort's 
real strength 
lies in its 
large number 
of sorting 
and merging 
options. 



terns; a combination test diagnoses 
RAM in both modes. 

After completing these tests. Mem- 
check presents a display informing you 
whether your memory banks have 
passed or failed. If any bank fails, Mem- 
check moves into the extended checking 
mode, investigating failed memory 
banks for all possible bit-image combi- 
nations. Memcheck then presents a dis- 
play for determining the bad bits in the 
RAM bank. 

Memcheck works as a simple peek in- 
side your computer but is not without 
problems. My Model 4 has 1MB of RAM 
and. even after repeated attempts. Mem- 
check refused to automatically recog- 
nize more than 64K. While I could 
manually set the proper amount, correct 
automatic recognition would be helpful. 

Unless you suspect a memory prob- 
lem or have just completed a memory 
upgrade, a memory -checking utility is of 
no practical use. Although Memcheck 
works and does not cost too much, you 
will probably use it once and then put it 
on your shelf to collect dust. 

—Mark D. Goodwin 

Opt-Tech Sort 

**•*• 

Opt-Tech Sort runs on the Tandy 1000. 
1200, or 3000 and requires two disk 
drives. Opt-Tech Data Processing. P.O. 
Box 678. Zephyr Cove. NV 89448. 702- 
588-3737. $149. 

Writing a simple sort routine in most 
languages is not difficult. Creating a 
complex routine to handle records of 
various lengths, merging files as they 
are sorted, sorting information in non- 
standard sequences, and doing it all con- 
veniently is not easy. But that is what 
Opt-Tech Sort can do, and more. It is a 
collection of programs and subroutines 
for use either from MS-DOS or inside a 
program written in one of more than 40 
programming languages. It includes a 
large number of features and options, 
and yet the program rarely feels compli- 
cated to use. 



If you use Opt-Tech Sort with MS-DOS. 
it seems like a powerful utility program. 
It prompts you for the name of an input, 
output, and control file. Instead of send- 
ing output to a file, you can instruct Opt- 
Tech Sort to send its output directly to a 
printer or the screen. If your sorting 
specifications are simple, enter them di- 
rectly from the keyboard instead of hav- 
ing Opt-Tech Sort read a control file. 
Once it has all the necessary informa- 
tion, Opt-Tech Sort starts to work. In one 
of my tests, it sorted a file of 10.000 ran- 
dom words in about 100 seconds— a re- 
spectable speed. On-line help is available 
for each choice. 

Running a sort from DOS is useful, but 
it's often preferable to do the sorting 
from inside another program. Depend- 
ing on the programming language 
you're working with, you can include 
Opt-Tech Sort in your own programs in 
one of two ways. 

If you use a compiled language sup- 
ported by Opt-Tech Sort and the com- 
piler uses the DOS linker to create a 
finished program, you add a few set-up 
lines to your program, perform a call to 
the sort routine, and link your finished 
program to the Opt-Tech Sort library. For 
example, writing a complete program to 
call Opt-Tech Sort from Microsoft's C 
requires only 16 lines of source code, in- 
cluding printf statements, to report the 
sort's start and conclusion. 

If the language you use does not incor- 
porate the DOS linker (Turbo Pascal or 
interpretive Basic, for instance), load the 
memory-resident version of Opt-Tech 
Sort before starting your program, then 
call the sorting routine from within your 
program. This procedure usually re- 
quires that you also load a short linkage 
program into memory to form the appro- 
priate interface between your program 
and the sorting routine. 

The Opt-Tech Sort manual includes in- 
structions for calling the library and 
memory-resident versions of the pro- 
gram from assembly language. If you are 
using a language not directly supported 
by Opt-Tech Sort and know how to write 
an assembly module to work with that 
language, you'll have no trouble using 
Opt-Tech Sort. 

Opt-Tech Sort's real strength lies in 
the large number of sorting and merging 
options that it supports. You can base the 
sort on up to 10 fields per record by de- 
fining the starting position, length, field 
type, and sorting order for each field. 
Opt-Tech Sort supports 17 different data 
field types, including 2- and 4-byte inte- 
gers; IEEE, Microsoft, and Borland real- 
number formats; character strings; and 
ASCII numbers stored in a variety of for- 
mats. You can also specify whether each 
key field should be used to sort in as- 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 101 



Circle 142 on Reader Service card. 



For $6.50, We can make your day . . . 

BUT YOU HAVE TO READ THE LIST OF TITLES BELOW 

Hi. We work with and love computers and software. We are here to see that we give you the best 
products at reasonable prices. On any given day you may say to y'self, gee I wish I had this; or 
would it not be nice to have that. . .ok, look below and see if there really isn't something you would 
like... if we should be carrying a product that you know about that is absolutely tops, please let us 
know. If you have a problem with an order call me, Gus Zeller, and I will do my best for you. 
Thanks. 



STAR MICRONICS PRINTERS 

SD 10 DOT MATRIX .$298.00 

LV 1210 DOT MATRIX NO 120 cps draft .$167.00 

NB 15 (24 PIN) DOT MATIX wc 300 cps 24 wire $851.00 

WC-SR15 WIDE CARRIAGE DOT MATRIX 200 cps draft NLQ 16K .$492.32 

NX 10 DOT MATRIX 120 cps 30 cps NLQ 5K $201.88 

SD 15 WC 160 cps draft NLQ mode 16K-buffer $398.20 



THOMPSON MONITORS 

CM 36382 14" RGB $269.50 

CM 31481 12" RGB COMPOSITE $237.60 

CM 36512 14" RGB VIDEO COMPOSITE $195.24 

VM 3107IG 12" GREEN MONOCHROME TTL $117.60 

VM 31021A 12" AMBER MONOCHROME .$119.75 

CM 31311 12" 690 x 240 .31 pitch RGBI Color $298.00 



The following is a list of TRS-80 Software. 

Some of this is software you promised yourself a long time ago and just never got around to treating 

yourself to. Some of what we list below we only have a few of, so first requests only will be 

honored. Most is fun stuff for your kids, so go for it!! Some is very good stuff that has had little 

exposure. 

Two or more titles— $4.00 each. 



Deadline Mod 1 32K 

Mystery Fun House Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Flight Path Tape Mod 027-0017 

Battleground Tape .. Mod 1 & 3 16K Level 2 

Beginner's Russian Tape Mod 3 16K Level 2 

Geography Explorer Series 

Mid-East Disk .Mod 1 & 3 32K dd 

Europe Disk Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Europe Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

USA Disk "w/converter 

Domes of Kilgar Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Business Analysis Tape . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Business Analysis Disk Mod 1 & 3 32K 

Ghost Town Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Mystery House Fun Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Galactic Empire Tape Mod 1 & 3 

Dragonquest Tape Mod 1 & 3 

Dragonquest Disk Mod 1 & 3 

Key Commander Tape Mod 1 & 3 16-48K 

Temple of the Sun Disk Mod 1 & 3 

Temple of the Sun Tape Mod 1 & 3 

Ball Turret Gunner Tape .. Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Alien Attack Force Tape . . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Cosmic Patrol Disk Mod 1 Level 2 

Cosmic Patrol Tape Mod 1 & 3 (PMC) 

Investors Paradise Tape . . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Gomuku & 3D Tic Tac Toe Tape .. Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

House of Thirty Gables . . Tape Mod 3 Level 2 

Omni Converter Tape Mod 3 Level 2 

Archemedes Apprentice Mod 1 & 3 Level 3 

Renum/Compress Tape Level 2 16K 



Terminal Program Tape . . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Programmers Converter . Tape . . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Programmers Primer . . . Tape Level 2 

Compression Utility Pack Tape Level 2 

Airmail Pilot Tape .. Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Music Master Tape Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 

Adventure Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Little Red Riding Hood . . Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Everyday Russian Tape Level 2 16K 

Interactive Fiction Disk Mod 1 Only 32K 

Savage Island Disk Mod 1 Only 32K 

Domes of Kilgari Disk Modl&3 2 Drives 

Advanced Basic Editor . . Disk Mod 1 

Galactic Saga Disk Mod 1 only 

Interactive Fiction Disk Mod 1 only 

Startrek 3.5 Disk Mod 1 only 

Startrek 3.5 Tape Mod 1 & 3..16K 

Dynamic Device Drivers . Disk Mod 1 Level 2 16K 

Dynamic Device Drivers . Tape Level 2 16K 

QSL Manager Disk Level 2 32K 

Disk Scope Disk Level 2 16K 

(Fileloc;CDisk;Password) 

Teachers Aid Disk Level 2 32K 

Typing Teacher Tape Color Computer 

Typing Teacher Tape .. Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

(PMC ok) 

Weather Watch Disk ... Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

The Wordslinger Tape .Mod 1 Level 2 16K(PMC) 

Disk Based Labeling Disassembler . . . Mod 1 Level 2 16K 

TRS-80 Utility II Tape Level 2 16K 

Russian Disk Mod 3 Level 2 32K 



Life Tape Level 2 16K 

Disk Editor 1.3 Disk Level 2 32K 

Night Flight Tape Level 2 16K 

The Flying Circus Disk Mod 1 Level 2 16K 

The Elements Tape . . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Enhanced Basic Tape Mod 1 Level 2 

Disk-Tape Exchanger . . . Disk Level 2 2 Drives 16K 

Surveyors Apprentice . . . Tape Level 2 16K 

Energy Audit Tape Level 2 16K 

Astrology Tape . . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

The Communicator Level 2 16-32-48K 

Scriptr Disk Mod 1 & 3 32-48K 

(needs Scripsit) 

Santa Paravia & Tape . Color Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 

Cassette Scope Tape TRS-80 

Master Reversi Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Mystery Fun House Disk 32K 

The All Stars Disk .. Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Omni Calculator Disk . . Mod 1 & 3 Level 2 16K 

Mountain Pilot Tape Color Computer 

Extended Basic 16K 

Phaser Blast Disk .... Mod 1 & 3 16K 1 DD 

Energy Audit Disk 32K 

The Count (Adventure) . . Tape Mod 1 & 3 16K 

Basic Programming Assistant . Tape . Level 2 16-32-48K 

Starcross Mod 3 32K 

Suspended Disk Mod 1 32K 

Music Teacher Disk Mod 1 & 3 32K 

Textedit Disk Mod 1 & 3 32K 

Encyclopedia for TRS-80 Volumes 1-10 $4.50ea. 

Kitchen Sink Disk Mod 1 & 3 



c. 



© mm p mi It en 




ics © 



1 JfetteipJboroiuij 



Route 202 North 
Peterborough, NH 03458 

1-800-843-6700 ORDERS ONLY! 

1-603-525-4201 Other calls 




VISA 



MasterCard) 



VISA and MasterCard accepted. 
No shipping charge. Same Day shipping on orders rec'd by 12 noon. 

We also carry Allsop, Avery, Anchor Automation, Brother Printers, Curtis, 
diskettes, computer paper among other items for your computer. Just ask. . . 



Circle 214 on Reader Service card. 



EXPRESS CHECKOUTS 



cending or descending order, and you 
can define an alternate sorting sequence 
(such as EBCDIC) for comparing char- 
acter fields. 

You can direct Opt-Tech Sort to create 
a new file of all sorted records, if that 
is what you want. However, it can also 
create two kinds of index files for your 
data, so you don"t need to actually move 
any records in either memory or on disk. 
If your data file contains header in- 
formation, set the sorting routine to 
ignore it or copy it to the output file. If a 
file contains data of variable length, de- 
fine the delimiter character used to sep- 
arate fields. 

Opt-Tech Sort can handle over a dozen 
kinds of data files, including those pro- 
duced by Basic. Btrieve. Dbase II. Dbase 
III. and most other programming lan- 
guages. You must specify the file type 
when you call the sort routine. 

There are times when you might want 
to sort a file and retrieve only certain rec- 
ords, leaving the rest untouched. Opt- 
Tech Sort lets you specify up to 10 con- 
ditions to decide whether or not each 
record should be included in the output 
file. You can also determine a limit on 
the number of records you want the sort- 
ing routine to process or include in its 
output. 

One of Opt-Tech Sort's most powerful 
features creates a new record format for 
its output file. You can sort a file and 
reassemble its information in a new form 
or extract selected information from the 
original file. 

To take advantage of all these options, 
you must write a number of control 
statements for each sorting operation. 
Either enter the control statements di- 
rectly from the keyboard or place them 
in a separate control file that the sorting 
routine can read. If the control state- 
ments are in a separate file, it is easy to 
set up a batch file to call the sort routine 
and re-sort a data file at the end of each 
work session. 

Opt-Tech Sort is impressive software 
and includes a clear, thorough manual. 
Many sample programs will help you get 
the most from Opt-Tech Sort with a min- 
imum of fuss. It is not copy-protected 
and runs smoothly from a hard disk or 
a RAM disk. 

I have only two criticisms of this pack- 
age. I would appreciate an index for the 
manual, as it is difficult to find informa- 
tion a second time. Also, you cannot in- 
clude the sorting subroutines in pro- 
grams you distribute without paying a 
licensing fee to Opt-Tech Data Process- 
ing. Otherwise, this excellent package is 
a welcome friend for any programmer 
who needs to keep a lot of complex data 
in order. 

—Hardin Brothers 



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CUSTOMER SERVICE/QUESTIONS ABOUT 
YOUR ORDER and in TEXAS 1-817-573-41 1 1 

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377 Plaza 

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Located 30 milos Irom Fi Wortti 




FOR LATEST PRICES 

CALL FREE (1-800)433-S"A-V-E 



VW»»MV«W*«*M« 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 103 



Circle 416 on Reader Service card. 



Save A Bun 

WITH ONE OF MONTE'S BUNDLES 

These special bundles are ready for you to save a bundle of money. CP/M software is actually preferred because~of the 
vast amount of programs available. The programs in these bundles have been optimized to run on the Model 4-4D-4P. For 
example, we have memory-mapped WordStar and it runs circles around the standard version others sell. \rve also added 
printer drivers for the Radio Shack Daisywheel II, DMP-2100 and most other Radio Shack Printers as well. You have read 
the reviews and know that our CP/M is the best for the Model 4. Your Models 4 and our CP/M form an unbeatable 
combination. Send for our free public domain software catalog and see for yourself. 





Save a Bundle 

on these books and disks. 

Take advantage of our volume discounts. 
Buy any three items from this list and de- 
duct $5 from your total order. Buy four and 

deduct $10. Buy five deduct $15. Buy 

six deduct $20 etc. Please add $1 for 

each book for shipping. 




TRS-80 Disk & Other Mysteries. The "How To" book 
of data recovery (or the TRS-80 Model 1 disk operating 
system 128 pages Retail S22.50. NOW $18 

Microsoft BASIC Decoded & Olher Mysteries. The 
complete guide to Level II and BASIC. 312 pages 
Retail $29.95. NOW $24 

The Custom TRS-80 & Other Mysteries. The com- 
plete guide to customizing TRS-80 hardware and 
software. 336 pages. Retail $29.95. NOW $24 

BASIC Faster &Better & Other Mysteries. The com- 
plele guide lo BASIC programming treks and tech- 
niques. 290 pages Retail $29.95. NOW $24 

BASIC Faster & Better Library Disk. Contains 121 func- 
tions, subroutines and user routines Search, merge, 
compare and listing routines plus array handlers. BASIC 
overlays and video drivers BFBLIB Retail S19.95. 

NOW $16 

BASIC Faster & Better Demonstration disk. Contains 
32 demos ot the Library Disk contents above. 
BFBDEM. Retail $19.95 NOW $16 

BASIC Disk I/O Faster & Better & Other Mysteries. 
Programming lips and techniques to store/relneve 
data Irom disk. 432 pages. Retail S29.95. 

NOW $24 

BASIC Disk I/O Faster & Better Demonstration Disk. 
All of the maior demo programs and library ol disk 
I/O subroutines m 25 BASIC programs. Random, 
indexed, sequential and Ireesam file handlers in- 
cluded. DFBLOAD. Retail $29.95. NOW $24 

Machine Language Disk I/O & Other Mysteries. A 
guide to machine language disk I/O (or the TRS-80. 
288 pages Retail $29.95. NOW $24 

TRSDOS 2.3 Decoded & Other Mysteries. Delailed 
explanation of the Model 1 disk operating system. 
298 pages Retail $29.95. NOW $24 

How to do it on the TRS-80. A complele applications 

Suide lo the TRS-80 Model 1. 2. 3. 4. 100 and Color 
omputer. 352 Pages. Retail $29.95. NOW $19 

The Custom Apple & Other Mysteries. Who cares? 
Retail $29.96. NOW $19 



MS-DOS BUSINESS 
SOFTWARE 

Ability $ 62 

Accounting Partner I 279 

Accounting Partner II 699 

Borland Turbo Lighting 53 

BPI AP/AR/GL/Payroll 319 

BPI Inventory 477 

Carbon Copy 128 

Cornerstone 62 

Clickart Personal Publisher 112 

Crosstalk 16 99 

DAC Easy Accounting 39 

DAC Easy Accounting Tutor 14 

DAC Easy Mate 24 

DAC Easy Payroll 29 

DAC Easy Payroll Tutor 14 

DAC Easy Port 19 

DAC Easy Word 29 

dBase II 349 

dBase III Plus 399 

Diagram Master 212 

Dollars & Sense 109 

EGA Paint 45 

Framework II 469 

Freelance 215 

Generic CAD 2.0 89 

Lotus 1-2-3. 2.01 319 

Lotus 1-2-3. Use Twin 54 

Managing The Market 89 

Managing Your Money 3.0 119 

Microsoft Mulliplan 127 

Microsoft Word/Spell 3.0 269 

Microsoft Project 249 

Mirror 44 

MulhMate 239 

Newsroom 37 

Paradox 445 

Print Shop 37 

PFS: 1st Choice 89 

PFS:File 88 

PFSGraph 88 

PFS:Report 79 

PFS:Pro Write 119 

ProDesign II 165 

Q & A 235 

R:Base 5000 1.01 269 

R:Base Extended Report Writer 85 

RBase System V 399 

Reflex: The Analyst 53 

Reflex Workshop 36 

Sidekick 49 

Smart Software System 432 

SuperCalc 4 295 

Superkey 37 

Timeline Protect Manager 269 

Twin. Lotus 1-2-3 Clone 54 

VP Info 55 

VP Planner 55 

Webster New World Wriler 75 

Word Perfect 4.2 209 

Word Perfect Library 61 

WordStar 2000 Plus 1.01 269 

WordStar 3.31 189 



MS-DOS LANGUAGES/ 
UTILITIES 

Bourbaki "1 Dir" $ 57 

Clipper 435 

Copy II PC 23 

Copy II PC Oplion Board 80 

Crosstalk 16 99 

Disk Oplimiser 27 

Fastback 

Fontasy 2.0 38 

Homebase 2.0 35 

Microsoft C Compiler 4.0 285 

Microsoft Macro Assembler 94 

Microsoft Windows 1 .03 63 

Microsoft QuickBASIC Compiler 60 

Norton Commander 39 

Norton Utilities 3.1 55 

Sidekick 49 

Sideways 3.1 39 

Smartcom II 88 

Smart Notes 49 

Superkey 36 

SQZ 59 

Turbo Database Toolbox 52 

Turbo Editor Toolbox 39 

Turbo Gameworks 39 

Turbo Graphics Toolbox 30 

Turbo Lightning 52 

Turbo Pascal w/8087 & BCD 52 

Turbo Prolog 52 

Turbo Tutor 23 

Word Perfect Library 61 

Word Wizard 36 

MS-DOS RECREATIONAL 
SOFWARE 

Certificate Maker $ 36 

Championship Golf 30 

F-15 Strike Eagle 23 

Galo 23 

Hitchikers Guide lo the Galaxy 25 

Jet 35 

Kareteka 22 

Kings Quest 32 

Leather Goddess 24 

Microsoft Flight Simulator 32 

NFL Challenge 59 

Sargon III 29 

Silent Service 21 

Toy Shop 39 

Wizardry 38 

Zork I 25 

MS-DOS HOME 
SOFTWARE 

Bank Street Wnter $ 51 

Certificate Maker 36 

Dollars and Sense "... 1 15 

Micro Cookbook 29 

Managing Your Money 113 

Newsroom 35 

Print Shop 38 

Print Shop Graphics Library 22 

MS-DOS EDUCATIONAL 
SOFTWARE 

Mastertype $ 26 

Math Blaster 29 

Mind Prober 30 

Spell It! 29 

Typing Tutor III 32 

Word Attack 29 



Circle 416 on Reader Service card. 



CALL TOLL FREE! 



800-527-0347 800-442-1 31 

(USA) (Texas) 

FREE SHIPPING!* 



For orders over $100 



SAVE ON YO 
STASH 




MODEMS 

Everex Internal 1200 w/software $ 99 

Hayes 300 exiernal 149 

Hayes 1200 w/SmartComm 399 

Hayes 12008 w/SmartComm 369 

Hayes 2400 599 

Hayes 2400B w/SmartComm 569 

RODENTS 

Microsoft Bus Mouse w/sftwr $ 115 

Microsoft Serial Mouse w/sftwr 135 

Mouse Systems Mouse w/sftwr 120 

C&H Mach III Joystick, each 36 

TAC10 Joystick 21 

Wfllard/Ben Combo w/fnends CALL 

HARD DRIVES 

20mb 65ms ST225 kit complete $ 389 

30mb 65ms ST238 kit complete 469 

30mb 40ms ST4038 bare drive 579 

MONITORS 

Mitsubishi 6920 1024 x 1024 S 1899 

NEC Multisync 800x560 599 

Amdek 722 EGA 649x350 529 

Mitsubishi 1410 EGA 439 

Mitsubishi 1409 RGB 319 

Magnavox RGB 640x200 299 

NAP TTL 1000x350 Amber/Green ... .110 

PRINTERS 

Citizen 120D 120cps NLO. cd S 189 

Citizen MSP-15 160cps NLO. 32 cd 399 

Citizen MSP-20. 200cps NLO. 80 cd 345 

Citizen Premier 35DW. w/lractor 499 

Toshiba 321 216cps. NLO. 80 cd 539 

Toshiba 341 216cps. NLO, 132 cd 769 

C. Itoh 3520 350CPS NLO. 132 Cd 1195 

Canon LBP-8A1 Laser 1895 

Canon Laser Toner kit 89 

ADD-ONs MEMORY & 
UPGRADES 

Hercules Graphics dus $ 199 

Paradise Autoswitch EGA 399 

Clone EGA Plus 249 

Hercules Compatide Graphics 79 

Cdor Graphics. 3-output 69 

16K RAM. 200nsec. 8 chips 9 

64K RAM. 150/200nsec, 8 chips 16 

Model 4 128K RAM w/PALchip 26 

64K RAM set of 9 chips 18 

256K RAM set of 9 chips 49 

8087 Numeric coprocessor, std 129 

8087 Numeric coprocessor, fast 169 

80287 Numeric coproc. std 199 

80287 Numeric coproc. fast 339 

NEC V20 Wonder Chip. SmHz 15 

NEC V20 Wonder Chip. 8mHz 23 

Mood 1 RS-232 Kit comdete 89 

Modd 3/4 RS-232 Kit comdete 69 

Modd 3/4 Internal Onve kit 169 




TRS-80 SOFTWARE 
BOOKS 

Modem 80 Mod 1/3 Com Pkg $ 33 

Super Utility Plus 3.2 M1/3/4 49 

Super Utility Plus M4-4P/D only 49 

SuperCROSS/XT Specify M1/3/4 79 

Conv 3-PC M3 BASIC to PC 119 

Conv 4-PC M4 BASIC to PC 119 

TRS-80 Beginners Guide FREE 

Inside Levd II (a rare find) 9 

TRS80 Modd 4/4P Tech Manual 33 

TRS-80 Modd 1000 Tech Manud 25 

Using Super Utility Plus 3.x 16 

See more books on the opposite page. 

BOOKS & MANUALS 

IBM BASIC Faster & Better S 22 

IBM BASIC Disk for above 22 

IBM BASIC Manual 3rd ed 19 

Running MS-DOS 2nd ed 17 

Running MS-DOS Advanced 17 

Using WordPerfect 4.1 13 

Nortons Programmers Guide 15 

See opposite page for more books. 

CP/M SOFTWARE 

dBase II S 385 

WordStar Professional 250 

ReportStar 150 

DataStar 175 

CalcStar 95 

Multidan 159 

Out-Think 49 

Mex Plus 59 

Mex Plus w/REO & TEM 99 

Rembrandt 39 

Supercalc II 199 

Turbo Pascal 52 

Turbo Tutor 23 

Turbo Database Todbox 39 

Turbo Hdiday Pak (above 3) 99 

Twist & Shout 34 

All of the above CP/M software is avail- 
able in various 5',4" formats as well as 
8" standard CP/M format. Please spec- 
ify format and include $10 per disk 
additional. 

CABLES 

TRS-80 Printer cade 26-1401 S 9 

IBM Paralld Printer cade 10' 19 

Standard IBM 25 pn RS232 10' 20 

Std TRS-80 25 pin RS232 10' 20 

Printer A/B Switch Box Cade 6' 20 

Gender Changer. Spec M/M F/F 9 



ACCESSORIES 

C&H Mach III Joysticks, ea $ 34 

Sony 2D disks, box of 10 10 

Our own 2D disks, bag of 10 8 

Disk Storage Box w/lock hlds 100 6 

Keyboard Extender Cade. 6' 10 

TTL Monitor Extender Cade 6' 10 

Tilt and Swivd Monitor Stand 19 

Vert CPU Stand PC/XT/CLONE 25 

2-position Paralld Pnnter Switch 39 

4-position Paralld Pnnter Switch 49 

2-posrtion RS-232 Switch 39 

4-position RS-232 Switch 49 

Standby Pwr Sup. 300W/20 min 249 

BUY FROM US RIGHT NOW 

(Please read the fine print first) 
Our inventory is so large it can not be listed 
comdetdy. Please call us if you do not see 
what you want. Chances are we have it or 
can get it right away. Because of the time lag 
in magazine advertising our prices are subject 
to change without notice. Our prices are for 
mail order ody. We are ody human so we 
decline responsibility for typographical errors. 
We welcome your company and/or personal 
checks. We use TdeCheck. Please fdlow 
these TdeCheck regulations. The check must 
be drawn on a US or Canadian bank and be 
payade in US Ddlars. Your check must be 
bank printed and contain your street address 
(not PO Box or APO/FPO) and tdephone 
number. The signature must exactly match the 
name pnnted on the check. If your check 
does not meet these requirements allow thrree 
weeks check clearance time. We also accept 
American Express. MasterCard, Visa. Cash- 
ier's Checks, dectronic funds transfer and we 
ship COD. CODs and mdor freight shipments 
may require a deposit. Some spedal items 
may require a deposit. ALL CODs require 
cash on ddivery. Company and/or personal 
checks can NOT be accepted in payment of 
COD shipment. Your credit card is not 
charged until we ship your order. Ground 
shipping charges are induded on all orders 
over $100. Add shipping to all orders under 
$100. We do not cdlect state sales tax on 
orders shipped outside of Texas. Orders 
placed by 5 PM will be shipped the next day 
if stock is on hand. Your order will leave before 
we go home. The responsibility of suitablity 
of software rests with the purchaser. Due to 
the nature of the business and product there 
are NO REFUNDS ON SOFTWARE. Please 
do not buy software from us if you are not 
sure it will work for you. SOFTWARE IS NOT 
RETURNABLE. Software support is provided 
by the manufacturer. We will PROVIDE A RE- 
PLACEMENT ONLY if you d.sk is defective if 
you ndify us within 30 days after ddivery of 
your merchandise. Please call us for hdp and 
instructions should you have a prodem. 

GOOD AS GOLD WARRANTY 

We want you to be happy with your purchase. 
All items we offer carry the manufacturers" 
warranty and any prodem you might have in 
service will be handled by his service orga- 
nization. Please call us should you have any 
difficulty in obtaining service. Your satisfaction 
is our goal and we back it up with a 30 day 
money-back guarantee (except software). We 
will be happy to mail you a copy of the 
complete warranty details on request. 




NkONTEZUNkA 
NSbXORO ■■■ 

Telephone: 214-631-7900 
2544 W. Commerce Street P.O. Box 224767 Dallas, Texas 75222-4767 Facsimile: 214-634-8303 

Copyright 1987 by Montezuma Micro. 
All rights reserved. 



Listing continued from p. 


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They Say. . .We Say. 



TURBO M PC/XT 

OUR FINEST ACCOMPLISHMENT 

TO DATE. 

LOOK AT THESE FEATURES 

• Compatibility— Phoenix and Award bios 
systems, by far the best and most com- 
patible. We guarantee that the major soft- 
ware will operate flawlessly. Lotus 2.x, 
Symphony, Flight Simulator (in our color 
systems), Wordstar 2000, Word, DBase, 
RBase, the list goes on and on. . . 

• Turbo speed (8MHz clock— you can switch 
down to 4.77MHz like the competition, 
would you really want toll 

• Turbo light— No guessing. If it's red, it's 
Turbo 

• 640 K memory— High quality pre-tested 
chips 

• High resolution graphics— Both the monitor 
and display card are Hercules compatible. 
(No low quality composite stuff) 

• We even give you a tilt and swivel base 
for your comfort 

• One 360K high quality floppy drive. (Our 
head technician checks each one) 

• Continuous and heavy duty 150 Watt power 
supply. (15 Watts more than most compet- 
itors) 

• Your choice of an AT style keyboard or the 
expanded 5151 type keyboard 

• A slot for a math co-processor chip 8087 

• One serial port— you can add a second port 

• One parallel port for your printer 

• One game port for joy sticks 

• One light pen port 

• A clock calendar for automatic time and 
date 

• FCC approved— (ask the competition if 
t heir's is) 

Free Software too! 

DOS and Basic Tutoring, QModem Com- 
munications, W-ED letter writer and Word 
processor, PC-Calc, spreadsheet, PC-Desk- 
team and utilities, too. 

After we burn the Turbo M in for 72 hours, we set up your 
system to automatically turn on the high speed clock and 
give you the correct time and date. 

Long waits for your system— never!!! Order today and have 
it today— if ordered by 10:00 am (call for details), we will ship 
it by tomorrow, during weekdays, if in stock. 

Hard Drive Systems— The absolute newest technology. Our 
systems constantly monitor the quality of operation of the Turbo 
M/ST Hard Drive. Average access is a disk caching 40 ms. 

15 meg Complete Turbo M System $1199.95 

33 meg Complete Turbo M System $1299.95 




iZM I i i i i I I I i I I » ti • _1 I 

ff- r \ V',Vv,v,'v ,'y \-n\"\'-V\\ \ 




$699.95 




Options galore— Hard Drives, tape back-up, color systems, 
EGA color systems, and more! Just call for your special pricing. 



SERVICE 

No one does it better. Shipments are made everyday from Monday 
to Friday. All in-stock items are shipped within 24 hours of your 
placing your order. Want it quickly? I mean real fast!! How about 
today? Call us by 10:00 a.m. any weekday, and we will schedule 
same day shipping!! Otherwise, if you have a rush need, ask for the 
shipper and request gold service. It will leave the same day of your 
order if it is in stock. 



WARRANTY SERVICE 

Since we know how important it is for you to be up and running, we 
turn most warranty and service repairs back out the same day we 
receive it. All others go out within 24 hours— not too shabby!. 



TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 

We pride ourselve in our ability to assist in most situations. We will 
even try to help you, when able, with a competitors product, or try 
to steer you in the right direction for assistance. Just call our well- 
trained technical staff. You will find them anxious to be of service. 



Who would you 
rather listen to? 




* i i i i i i i i i i i i ? 1 1 » ii « .-« 



$1199.95 



OPTIONS GALORE SECTION 




TURBO AT/286 

Check us out 

• Compatibility— Phoenix and Award bios 
systems, by far the best and most com- 
patible. We guarantee that the major soft- 
ware will operate flawlessly. Lotus 2.x, 
Symphony, Flight Simulator (in our color 
systems), Wordstar 2000, Word, DBase, 
RBase, the list goes on and on. . 

• Turbo speed (8MHz clock— you can switch 
down to 6MHz, but no need to. .) 

• Turbo light— No guessing. If it's on, it's 
Turbo 

• 1024 K memory— High quality pre-tested 
chips. 

• High resolution graphics— Both the monitor 
and display card are Hercules compatible. 
(No low quality composite stuff) 

• We even give you a tilt and swivel base 
for the monitor for your comfort 

• One high quality floppy drive. (Our head 
technician checks each one) 

• Continuous heavy duty power supply 

• Your choice of an AT style keyboard or the 
expanded 5151 type keyboard 

• A slot for a math co-processor chip 80287 

• One parallel port for your printer 

• One light pen port 

• A clock calendar for automatic time and 
date w/battery backup 

• FCC approved— (ask the competition if 
their's is) 

• Free Software too! See previous page. 



AFTER WARRANTY SERVICE 

We want you to keep coming back. We will treat all service needs 
the same — important. If you require after warranty service, call us. 
We will be there just as we have been since 1981. 
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 

Absolutely. We don't want you to have a product that you aren't happy 
with. Just let us know within 21 days of receipt and upon return, we 
will give you a refund (less shipping, handling and insurance). 
SPEAKING OF WARRANTIES 

WE WARRANTY EVERYTHING FOR FIFTEEN MONTHS. The war- 
ranty goes to the end of the month. Therefore, regardless of the day 
you received your order, we will warranty to the end of the fifteenth 
month, giving you a few extra days. 



After we bum the Turbo M/AT286 in for at least 72 hours, 
we set up your system to automatically turn on the high speed 
clock and give you the correct time and date. 
Long waits for your system— never!!! Order today and have 
it today— if ordered by 10:00 a.m. (call for details) Otherwise, 
we will ship it by tomorrow, during weekdays, if in stock. 

MICRO 



SMART, 



200 Homer Avenue 

Ashland, MA 01721 

1-617-872-9090 



o°R L D L E F R^ E f 1-800-343-8841 



Micro Smart Inc. says 
what you want to hear. 

"Service." 



MEGADISK PLUS 





Free drivers, LDOS, TRSDOS, NEWDOS and CP/M. 



MEGADISK PLUS 

Drive a hard bargain from 
5 to 40 megabytes of re- 
liable high speed systems, 
the newest technology- 
hard plated media, auto- 
matic ECC error correct- 
ing, fan cooling, EMI/RFI 
filter, gold connectors thor- 
oughly burned in and 
tested just to mention a 
few standard features. 
Both fixed platter and re- 
moveable cartridge sys- 
tems available starting at 

a low $499.95 



MEGAPLEXER 




MEGAPLEXER— 
NETWORK YOUR 
MEGADISK WITH UP 
TO 10 TRS/80 
COMPUTERS 
Attach 2 to 10 Model III/IV/4P 
computers to one megadisk 
through our easy to use me- 
gaplexer— share files, data, 
programs, and make more ef- 
ficient use of one megadisk 
with up to 10 computers. For 
a novice or expert. It will op- 
erate right out of the box. 

Four port systems 
start at 

a low $399.95 
Plus Cables. 



o°R L D L .£?N E a 1-800-343-8841 



Megadistc" Hard Disk Drive Systems 



For the IBM/PC, Tandy 1000, TRS/80 Models I/III/4/4P, Compaq, Tava, PC V\torkalikes, Color Computer, Heath/Zenith, Max/80 
Complete with Hardware, Cables, Software and Quikfit Installation 



-°-s«^ 



5 Megabyte Removable Cartridge Drive 
10 Megabyte Removable Cartridge Drive 
10 Meg Internal Mount IBM/Tandy 1000 
20 Meg Internal Mount IBM/Tandy 1000 

5 Mb External Cartridge System 

10 Megabyte External Cartridge System 

10 Megabyte External System Starting at $549.95 

20 Megabyte External System Starting at $699.95 



Starting at $399.95 
Starting at $599.95 
Starting at $349.95 
Starting at $449.95 
Starting at $499.95 
Starting at $699.95 



Floppy Disk Drives, Power Supplies and Cabinets 



Our Disk Drives are UL approved— Our Floppy Drive Cabinets and 
Power Supplies are Underwriters Laboratory Listed and have passed 
the required Federal Communications Part 15 Section B-EMI/RFI test. 
Warranty on all disk drives is one full year parts and labor. Warranty 
on floppy disk drive power supplies is five (5) years. In warranty or 
out of warranty service is 24 hour turn-a-round on all disk drives and 
power supplies. 

Half High Drives 

Dual Sided 40 tk Bare $99.95 

In Case with Power Supply $139.95 

Dual Drive in One Cabinet $239.95 

Apple/Franklin Disk Drives 

35/40 Track in Case with Cable and Software $129.95 



Call for our unadvertlsed CoCo Specials 



See our Outstanding Service Promise on 
the preceding pages! 



Terms and Conditions: 

The prices quoted here are for cash. We will accept MasterCard, VISA, 
Discover and American Express. Please ask for details. 

COD's are accepted without any deposit. Purchase orders accepted based 
on prior approval, call for details. 

Our hours are from 9:30 am to 5:30 pm, Monday through Friday and until 
4:00 on Saturday. 

Our telephone number of technical service is 617-872-9090. 

Addresses: 
Wholesale/Mailorder 
200 Homer Avenue 
Ashland, MA 01721 



Retail Outlet 

271 Worcester Road 

Framingham, MA 01701 



Not responsible for typographical errors. Terms and specifications may 
change without notice. 



Trademarks: 

IBM Corp. 

Montezuma Micro 

Tava 

Eagle Computer 

© 1987 Micro Smart, Inc. 



Keytronics Corp. 
Tandy Corp. 
Zenith Corp. 
Lotus Development 
Microsoft Inc. 



FULLY WARRANTEED 

FIFTEEN MONTHS 
PARTS AND LABOR! 





Model HI/4 floppy disk 
drive upgrade kits 

Our kits, which are a snap to install, 
jusl need a screwdriver and about 
1 hour of spare time to have dual 
sided drives, just like the 4D. They 
will operate single and dual sided. 
Just ask us how— it's easy, even 
lor the beginner. 

With one dual sided drive, floppy 
controller, heavy duly power supply 
,No lightweight stuff) all cables, in- 
structions, and our expert technical 
staff to assist you $289.95 

\rVant a second drive? $99.95 



Color computer 
drive kit 

Drive and 1 
Our dual headed drive al- 
lows you to write on both 
sides just as though you 
had two floppy drives. Our 
special DOS 1 .A will even 
let you use Radio Shack 
DOS 1.0 and 1.1 in dual 
sided mode. 
Specially priced at 
$219.95 



Toll Free 
Ordering 

1-800-343-8841 



MICRO 



SMART, 



200 Homer Avenue 

Ashland, MA 01721 

1-617-872-9090 



Hours: Mon.—Fri. 9:30 am to 5:30 pm (est) Sat. 4:00 pm 

Dealer Inquiries Invited 



And now, 

a couple of words about high-quality 

TRS-80 software at a very low price: 



AUOUSJ 

US* 

CAHMIA 

j,CWCrtW* jCA 



Reviewed in This Issue: 

Supedog* 
GW-Baslc Compiler 
3 Portable Printers 
Monte's Window 




Now on 
Disk Only! 



WAD 80 

Utilities, tutorials, home and hobby 
applications from 80 Micro. 



If you've been shopping for soft- 
ware lately, you've discovered that 
new car buyers aren't the only ones 
who experience "sticker shock". 

For the price of one commercial 
program, you can fill your gas tank 
at least three times. Or treat a friend 
to dinner. Or buy a year's worth of 
Sunday papers. 

But with Load 80 software, you can 
spend a lot less and still wind up with 
hundreds of dollars worth of out- 
standing TRS-80 programs every 
month. 

On every Load 80 disk , you'll get 
more than a dozen "ready to run" 
programs listed in 80 Micro. . . 
tutorials, utilities, games, word- 
processing, and much more. 

Build a versatile software library, 
quickly and economically. Past issues 
have included programs such as: 

NovaCalc 

... a full-featured Model 
I/III spreadsheet with all the capabili- 
ties offered on more expensive com- 
mercial products. 

Easydata 

... a 200-record data base manager 
for fast information from your 
Model I/III/4. 



Grade- A Graphics 

... a deluxe Model III graphics edi- 
tor that's loaded with options! 

And to enjoy your favorite pro- 
gram, all you have to do is "load 80" 
into your computer. It's that simple. 
No keyboarding, no debugging. You 
get complete loading instructions, 
but should you need assistance, the 
Load 80 and 80 Micro technical edi- 
tors will be glad to answer your ques- 
tions. 

Don't let software sticker prices 
stop you from building a top-notch 



library. Get a variety of winning pro- 
grams, for a fraction of the cost, with 
Load 80 disks. 

To order by the month or by the 
year, simply complete the coupon 
and drop it in the mail with pay- 
ment. 



For Faster Service, call 

® 1-800-258-5473 

(In NH, please dial 1-924-9471.) 



I~ 



Yes 



I want to build an exciting and economical software 

• library with Load 80. Please send me: 



D 1 year of Load 80 on disk for $199.97 
□ Check/MO □ MC DVISA DAE 



D This month's Load 80 disk for $21.47 



Card# 



Exp. Date 



Signature 



Name 



Address 



City State Zip 

Prices'include postage and handling. Foreign airmail, please add $1.90 per item or $25.00 per subscription. L'S funds drawn on US banks only. 



Load 80 • 80 Elm Street • Peterborough, NH 03458 



8701 



Circle 281 on Reader Service card. 



Circle 456 on Reader Service card. 



IT'S LIKE 



FREE DISKETTES 



a 




\\ 



Your 5Vi" single side disks are usable on the 
other side. You paid for one side, why not use 
the other... IT'S FREE! 

Nibble Notch will open your new disk. It's 
easy... won't harm existing data. Try it, you'll 
be glad you did! 

nibble notch 1 1 



CaWf ° r ..TV 

aS lo*»a* 



*Add $2 

($5 foreign) for 

postage & handling 

PA residents 
add 6% Sales Tax. 



Cuts square notch and V round "index 
hole" For TRS 80 I, III, and IV, Osborne, 
Tl, Kaypro, IBM and others needing 
"index hole!' 



$2 1 90 



ONLY A I - 

'SATISFACTION GUARANTEED 

OR YOUR MONEY BACK! 

TOLL FREE 1-800-642-2536 

215-828-8600, 9 am-6 pm ET 

or send check 
or money order to: 



ORDER 
TODAY 





computer products 
1020 Ford Rd #2 West 
West Conshohocken, PA 19428 
215-828-8600 



HOW 

To Get The 
ATTENTION 
YOU 
DESERVE: 



PRINTER SALE 



tt'c have umong the lowest prices in the country on brand name primers. 



FEATURED 
-SPECIAL- 



Features 




OKIDATA ML93 $299 list *™ 



MMr amy w - * 0a ■ mw" 7ap*» 

• EiMM mttmaa • &. fiv ir m l iMm 

• IX otfeMM ■* MftdM • 6 and 8 km pm tt* 
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■ Sron M Mag Dgt • S«mm ocrao 

• «SO Heinam w rr i W i 

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Epson LUt 

EX-800 TTI5 
EX-1000 995 
LX-B6 349 

FX-6S 549 

FX-286 799 
LQ-800 799 
LQ-1000 1095 
DX-10 299 

DX-35 899 

LQ-2500 1595 
4201 2195 



Ofcldata 

ML-182 

ML-182S 

ML-294 

ML-192. 

HL-192 

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ML-93IB1 

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29 9 
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499 
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749 
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624 
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699 
249 
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239 

279 

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it 9 

539 
329 
479 
599 



NX 10 
NL10 
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SCI 5 

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SD15 

LV1210 

SB15 

SB10 

NB1S 

P. Type 



179 
335 

4 99 
449 
599 

268 
799 

-99 
1449 

4 99 



C.ltoh 
prowtr. 349 
851 0SP 529 
8510SCP 649 
8510SR 599 
1550SCP 899 
1550SP 679 
1550SCP. 949 
1550SB 749 



C)l 



•Intfc 



EXP550 
EXP420 
EXP600 
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"JT9 
649 

699 

949 



t.49 
1295 
549 

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229 

369 
259 
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C715 
Y10-20 
F10-40 
F10-55 1599 
D10-40 999 
C31 5 819 

C310CXP 739 
C315CXP 909 



J5T5 

299 
249 
399 
349 
469 
199 
599 
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319 



499 

4)9 
629 
479 
659 
519 
469 

a s 9 

)99 

679 
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549 

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639 



SEC 

P'to 

P660 

P560 

CP665 

CP765 

CP760 

CP660 

P560XL 

P565XL 

Spn3530 

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List Sale 

695 479 

1445 999 

935 639 
1235 



rl 9 
769 
860 589 
1695 1199 
1825 1299 
1179 699 



1749 1199 

699 519 

1099 819 

1549 1059 



495 369 

645 469 

1195 699 

1295 789 



120D 
MSP10 
MSP15 



349 

519 

499 



SUNLOCK SYSTEMS 

210 Connor Rd. D Mechanics ville, Va. 23111 
TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-368-9191 

D In Virginia call collect: 804-746-1600 

(We accept payment on VISA, MC, Am. Express and COD) 
(Prices subject to change without notice. Not responsible for typographical < 





OR, 

You Could 

Advertise In 
ft 80 Micro 
Classifieds. 



For more information, 

put down the wolves 

and turn to the 

Classified page 

in this issue. 



118 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 247 on Reader Service card. 



NEW HARD DRIVES 

— COMPLETE SYSTEM — JUST PLUG IN — 

5 MEG HD SYSTEM 399 95 
10 MEG HD SYSTEM 599 95 
20 MEG HD SYSTEM 799 95 




HARD DRIVE SYSTEMS READY TO RUN ON THE TRS 80 
MODEL 1/III/IV/4P AND COLOR COMPUTER 



TANDY CORNER 



New Multifunction Card 
Clock/Calendar Option 
256K Memory Board 
51 2K Memory Board 

10 MEG Kit 
20 MEG Kit 



Call 

39 95 

99 95 

139 95 

359 95 
429 95 



PRINTERS 



STAR LV1 200 
STARNX10 
Panasonic 1091 
Panasonic 1092 
Epson LX 80 
Epson FX 85 
Epson FX 286 



199 95 

239 95 

239 95 

359 95 

Call 

Call 

Call 



FCC APPROVED 



.B.M. Compatibles XT's AT's & Baby AT's 









Xt System 

XT Case 

8088 (4.77Mhz) 

150 Watt PS 

5150 Keyboard 

1 360K Floppy 

256K expandable to 640K 



8 Slots 



Only 469 



95 



AT System 

AT Case 

80826 (8Mhz) 

200 Watt PS 

640K 

1.2Meg Floppy 

Floppy & HD Controller 



Only 1495 



95 



Baby AT System 

AT Case 

8088 Turbo 

150 Watt PS 

AT Style Keyboard 

360K Floppy 

256K expandable to 640K 



Only 499 



95 




TRUE DATA PRODUCTS 

9 S. Main 

Uxbrldge, MA 01569 



CALL US TODAY!! 
ORDER TOLL FREE 



(617)278-6555 

1-800-635-0300 



Circle 18 on Reader Service card. 



From Computer Plus to YOU . . . 
PLUS after PLUS after PLUS 




Tandy 200 24K $649 
Tandy 600 32K $1269 
Tandy 102 32K $395 




Tandy 3000 $1759 
Tandy 3000 HD $2699 
Tandy 3000 HL $1229 




\W>. V W 



Tandy 1000 EX $569.00 
Tandy 1000 SX $839.00 




DMP-130 $269 




Color Computer 3 
W/128K Ext. Basic $169 




DMP-105 $160 



BIG SAVINGS ON A FULL COMPLEMENT OF RADIO SHACK COMPUTER PRODUCTS 



COMPUTERS 

Tandy 1000 EX 1 Drive 256K 569.00 

Tandy 1000 SX 2 Drive 384K 839.00 

Tandy 3000 HL 1 Drive 512K 1229.00 

Tandy 3000 1 Drive 512K 1759.00 

Tandy HD 40 Meg. 640K 3179.00 

Model IVD 64K with Deskmate 889.00 

PRINTERS 

Radio Shack DMP-130 100 CPS 269.00 

Radio Shack DMP-430 180 CPS 559.00 
Radio Shack DWP-230 Daisy Wheel 310.00 
Silver Reed EXP-550P Daisy Wheel339.00 

Star LV-1210 120 CPS 199.00 

Star NX-10 120 CPS 279.00 

Star SG-15 120 CPS 410.00 

Panasonic P-1080 100 CPS 229.00 

Panasonic P-1091 120 CPS 259.00 

Panasonic P-1092 180 CPS 339.00 

Okidata 292 200 CPS 529.00 

Okidata 192 • 200 CPS 375.00 

Okidata 182 120 CPS 269.00 

Epson LX-80 100 CPS 275.00 

Epson FX-85 160 CPS 419.00 



TANDY 1000 ACCESSORIES 

Tandy 1000 Disk Drive Kit 135.00 

Tandy 1000 EX External Drive 199.00 
Tandy 1000 20 Meg. Hard Card 659.00 
256K Memory Plus Expansion Brd. 155.00 
128K Memory Plus Expansion Adp.110.00 
PBJ Multi-Function Board (512K) 229.00 
PBJ Mini I/O (RS-232, Clock. Par.) 110.00 
128K Ram Upgrade Kit (NEC) 78.00 

256K Ram Upgrade (tor 1000SX) 69.00 
Summa RS-232 Serial Mouse 99.00 

1200 Baud Modem Board 179.00 

Plus 300 Baud Modem Board 85.00 
Plus RS-232 Serial Board 69.00 

Digi-Mouse/Clock Board 89.00 

TANDY MONITORS 

Tandy VM-4 Green Monitor 99.00 

Tandy CM-10 RGB Color Monitor 379.00 
Tandy CM-5 RGB Color Monitor 249.00 
Tandy VM-3 TTL Green Monitor 179.00 
Tandy CM-8 Analog Color Monitor249.00 
Tandy 1200 Deluxe Display Adapt. 299.00 
Tandy 1200 Dual Display Adapt. 210.00 



CALL TOLL FREE 
1-800-343-8124 

• LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICES 

• BEST POSSIBLE WARRANTY 

• KNOWLEDGEABLE SALES STAFF 

• TIMELY DELIVERY 

• SHOPPING CONVENIENCE 

- - m. 



com 



* 'COMPUTER PLUS SPECIALS* * 

The PBJ MFB-1000 Multi-Function Board 
with 512 Ram, DMA, RS-232 Serial Port, 
Clock Calendar with Battery Backup, 
and Ram Disk Software 229.00 

The PBJ XRAM Expanded Memory 
Board with 256K Ram, Upgradable to 
2 Megabytes of Additional Memory, 
EMS Compatable, with Ram Disk 
Software 249.00 

Tandy 1000 20 Megabyte Internal Hard 
Drive Kit with Controller, Cables and 
Mounting Hardware 499.00 

Tandy 1000 20 Megabyte External Hard 
Drive with Controller, Cables, Case and 
Power Supply 649.00 

* * FREE SOFTWARE BONUS* * 

Order the PBJ MFB-1 000 with 512K or the 
PBJ XRAM Board and receive the 
Leading Edge Word Processor and THE 
TWIN-Spreadsheet, Graphics, and File 
Manager Software a $99.00 Value at 
NO CHARGE!! 




P.O. Box 1094 
480 King Street 
Littleton, MA 01460 



SINCE 1973 



IN MASSACHUSETTS CALL (617) 486-3193 



TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corp. 



Circle 124 on Reader Service card. 

DDDDD 
□□□□□ 

■■■Dl 

DDDDD |~p 





CALL TOLL-FREE FOR PRICES 
1-800-248-3823 



ra^ancs 




TANDY™ 3000 HL 

$1195 oo* 

360K Drive 51 2K 
25-4070 



EPSON" PRINTERS 

LX-86 Dot Matrix Printer 80 Column 
FX-85 Dot Matrix Printer 80 Column 
FX-286 Dot Matrix Printer 132 Column 
LQ-800 Dot Matrix Printer 80 Column 
LQ-1000 Dot Matrix Printer 132 Column 
EX-800 Dot Matrix Printer 80 Column 
EX-1000 Dot Matrix Printer 132 Column 
LQ-2500 Dot Matrix Printer 132 Column 
Epson 420I High Speed Printer 
DX-20 Daisy Wheel Printer 
DX-35 Daisy Wheel Printer 
HI-80 Plotter Printer 



EPSON™ 
FX-85 

$385 00 




TANDY'" 3000 COMPUTERS 

25-4001 Tandy 3000 1.2 Meg Drive 51 2K 
25-4010 Tandy 3000 20 Meg Hard Drive 51 2K 
25-401 1 Tandy 3000 40 Meg Hard Drive 640K 
25-4050 12 Meg Disk Drive Kit 
25-4051 360K Disk Drive Kit 
25-4060 Hard Disk Controller 
25-4061 40 Meg Hard Drive Kit 
25-4062 20 Meg Hard Drive Kit 
25-4103 MS-DOS 3.2/Basic/Deskmate 
25-3046 Deluxe Text Display Adapter 
25-3047 Deluxe Graphics Display Adapter 
26-5111 VM-1 Monochrome Monitor 
26-5112 CM-1 Color Monitor 

"Monitors nol included 



$ 



370 




00 \ 



TANDY ™1 000 SX 

$34900* 

384K 2 Disk Drives 
25-1051 



TANDY'" 1000 COMPUTERS 

25-1050 Tandy 1000EX 256K 1 Disk Drive 
25-1061 Tandy 1000EX External Drive 360K 
25-101 1 Memory Plus Board 256K and DMA 
25-1062 EX Memory Plus Board 128K and DMA 
25-1012 8087 Math Co-Processor 1000/1200 
25-1020 VM-4 Monochrome Monitor 
25-1022 CM-10 Color Monitor 
25-1023 CM-5 Color Monitor 
25-1508 MS-DOS/GW Basic Reference Manual 
30051030 PBJ Multifunction Board 51 2K DMA 
30051510 ZuckerBoard OK Memory DMA 
30051530 ZuckerBoard Multifunction 51 2K DMA 
30281410 256K Memory Chips (Each) 

■Monitors nol included 



TANDY™ 102 

24K Portable Computer 26-3803 




TANDY'" PORTABLE COMPUTERS 

26-3804 Tandy 100,102,200,600 AC Adapter 
26-3805 Tandy 100,102,200 Acoustic Coupler 
26-3816 Tandy 100 8K Ram Kit 
26-3817 Tandy 102 8K Ram Kit 
26-1409 Tandy 100,102,200,600 Printer Cable 
26- 1 4 1 Tandy 1 00, 1 02,200,600 Modem Cabie 
26-3860 Tandy 200 24K Portable Computer 
26-3866 Tandy 200 24K Memory Upgrade 
26-3901 Tandy 600 Portable Computer 
26-3910 Tandy 600 92K Ram Upgrade 
26-3808 Tandy Portable 3VS>" Drive 



COLOR COMPUTERS 


TANDY" PRINTERS 


HARD DRIVES 


MONITORS & CARDS 


26-3127 Color Computer 2 64K 


26-2800 DWP-520 Daisy Wheel 


25-1007 HDController Tandy 1000 


25-3010 Monochrome Monitor 


26-3334 Color Computer 3 128K 


26-2801 DWP-520 Tractor 


25-1025 10 Meg HD External 


25-3045 Dual Mode Adapter 


26-3131 Color Disk Drive 


26-2812 DWP-230 Daisy Wheel 


25-1029 20 Meg Hard Card 


Amdek 300A Monitor Amber 


26-3132 Color Disk Drive 2nd 


26-2813 DWP-230 Tractor 


26-4157 Cable Kit (6000 & 16) 


Amdek 300 Monitor Green 


26-3008 Dual Gyrating Joysticks 


26-2810 DMP-2110 Dot Matrix 


26-41 71 35 Meg Hard Disk Primary 


Amdek 31 0A Monitor Amber 


26-3012 Deluxe Joystick (Each) 


26-2830 PC-695 Color Plotter 


26-41 72 35 Meg Hard Disk Secondary 


Amdek 722 EGA Color Monitor 


26-3512 CM-8 RGB Color Monitor 


26-1279 DMP-2200 Dot Matrix 


26-41 73 70 Meg Hard Disk Primary 


Hercules Graphics Adapter 


26-3124 Multi-Pak Interface 


26-1276 DMP-105Dot Matrix 


25-3020 Tape Cartridge System 


Paradise Color/Mono Adapter 


26-3025 Color Mouse 


26-1277 DMP-430 Dot Matrix 


25-4066 20 + 20 Meg DCS 


Paradise EGA Adapter Card 


26-3145 Hard Disk Interface 


26-1280 DMP-130 Dot Matrix 


25-4064 20 Meg Internal DCS 


Video 7 Mono Graphic Adapter 


Serial to Parallel Epson 


26-1269 Printer Controller 


26-1245 10 Meg DCS 


Video Plus Adapter (CC) 


Serial to Parallel Cenlronic 


26-2820 Printer Selector Interface 




Trackstar Apple Board 



For Technical Questions and Information CALL 1 -51 7-625-41 61 FOR ORDERS ONLY CALL 1 -800-248-3823 

Monday thru Friday 9 am - 6 pm Saturday 9 am - 3 pm EST. 124 South Main Street, Perry, Ml 48872 

All prices and offers may be changed or wilhdrawn without notice Advertised prices are cash prices COD accepted add 2% (minimum charge $10 00) 

M C , Visa add 2% AX add 4% All non defective items require return merchandise authorization Call lor RMA Number before returning Delivery is subiecl 

to product availability Prices over $100 00 include shipping costs For orders under $100 00 add $5 00 shipping and handling 



Circle 101 on Reader Service card. 




. . . A UNIQUE APPROACH TO DISK RELIABILITY! 




Select any one of seven tests to perform 
preventive maintenance or to Isolate problems. 
Simple, single-letter commands make MM easy 
to use! Use MM to align the head, adjust the 
index hole detector, or adjust the speed. 



Use the MM Radial Alignment Test to check the 
head alignment of your drives. No need for an 
oscilloscope or other expensive test equipment! 



1983 JaMSyeleme. Lid. 



1M3 J&M Sy«tem«. Lid 









SPEED SCOPE 








270 


280 


290 ....300.... 310 


320 


330 




RPM ^^ 








Drive - Head - Track - 00 







S-Stirt nop drln '■ -Return lo main 
Enter lelectlon - - 






QUICK TEST 

. Speed leil 

Indei hoi* liming Mil O 

. Radial alignment leal 
, Azimuth rotation teat 
. Hyatereala leal O 



S-Start atop drive fa -Return lo main menu 
Enter selection — > 



Check the motor speed of your drives. Or, you 
can even use the Speed Test to adjust the drive 
speed. No need for any test equipment! 



PROTECT YOUR DATA. 

Now you can make sure your data is being 
recorded properly by the use of the revolutionary 
Memory Minder. 

The Memory Minder from J&M Systems, tests 
your disk's performance and calibration without 
any additional equipment! It measures your 
disk's performance and displays it on your 
screen. 

This is the most comprehensive disk diagnostic 
program available for your TRS-80 microcomputer. 
You can even adjust drive alignment while watching 
the display! 

Spot problems before they endanger your data! 
If you own a disk drive, you need the Memory 
Minder! / 



Use the Quick Test to quickly and automatically 
test five of the most important performance 
parameters of your drive. Monitor your drives 
for long term drift. Isolate problems quickly and 
automatically! 

TRS-80 Model 111/4 Prlce " 

1 - 48 tpi Single Side (Standard) S79 

2 - 48 tpi Double Side S89 
3- 96 tpi Double Side SI 29 

Includes 48 tpi & 96 tpi program diskettes 

TRS-80 Model -I 

1 - 48 tpi Single Side Single Density S89 

TRS-80 Color Computer and TDP-100 

1 - 48 tpi Single Side (Standard) S79 

2 - 48 tpi Double Side S99 

MM also available for other models 
J & M SYSTEMS IS THE DRIVING FORCE! 



7/a 



J&M SYSTEMS, LTD. 

1 5 100-A CENTRAL SE 

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO 87 1 23 

505/292-4182 



The Ultimate 
Color Computer 

Enhancements 
for Productivity 
from HJL Products 







■jCGoVS** 






V 




Now available for all 
models, including CoCo3 



To achieve maximum productivity with 
your Color Computer, you have to make 
It as easy as possible to get information 
into and out of the system. 

This is why we developed the HJL 
family of high-performance 
enhancements for ALL MODELS of the 
Color Computer. J» *7aw 

The Keyboard • $79*9 ^T 

The overwhelming favorite of serious* 
Color Computer users worldwide, the 
HJL-57 keyboard has the smooth, 
consistent feel and reliability you need 
for maximum speed with minimum 
input errors. Includes 4 Function Keys 
and sample function key program. 
Installs in just a few minutes with no 
soldering. a fa^ 

The Numeric Keypad • IQO.OS *&2f 

The NumberJack is a self-contained/^*** 
cable-connected keypad for heavy-duty 
number-crunchers. Besides the number 
keys, it has all the cursors, symbols 
and math keys, including autoshifted 
(one-touch) ADD and MULTIPLY. 
Comes complete with 3-foot cable and 
all necessary connectors for quick and 
easy installation without soldering. 



The Monitor Adapter • $25.95 

This universal driver works with all 
monochrome monitors, and is easily 
installed without clips, jumpers or 
soldering (except In some later CoCo 2s 
with soldered-in video chips). Here's 
crisp, clear, flicker-free monitor output 
with all the reliability you've come to 
expect from HJL Products. 

The Monitor - $89.95 

The GoldStar high-resolution amber 
monitor brings you the monochrome 
display that's preferred by most 
computer professionals today. Once 
you've used it you'll never connect your 
computer to a TV set again. The 12- 
Inch diagonal CRT has an etched non- 
glare faceplate. (Requires adapter sold 
above) a, /^ 



The BASIC Utility • 

Quick Basic Plus, a high-performance 
programming utility, can be used with 
any color computer that has four func- 
tion keys. 26 pre-defined BASIC 
statements, 10 user-defined macros at 
a time (you can save as many sets of 
macros as you like), automatic line- 
numbering, word wrap, global search, 



and instant screen dump to printer, 
make this software the BASIC pro- 
grammer's dream come true. Comes 
with re-legendable 3-way reference 
chart. Specify disk or cassette. 

The HJL Warranty 

Every HJL product comes with a full, 
one-year warranty and the exclusive 
HJL 15-day unconditional guarantee 
(except software). 

Pick a Pair & Save 15% 

Now, for a limited time, we'll give you 
15% off the price of any two or more 
products shown here. Just mention 
this ad when you order. 

Call Now, Toll Free 

1-800-828-6968 

In New York 1-800-462-4891 
International calls: 718-235-6358 




Ordering Information: Specify model (Original. F-veralon, or CoCo 2 Model Number). Payment by C.O.D.. check, 
MasterCard, or Visa. Credit card customers include complete card number and expiration date. Add $2.00 for 
shipping, 3.50 to Canada; except monitors (call for shipping charges before ordering monitors). New York state 
residents add 7% sales tax. Dealer Inquiries Invited 



PRODUCTS 

Div. of Touchstone Technology Inc. 

955 Buffalo Road • P.O. Box 24954 
Rochester, New York 14624 

Circle 491 on Reader Service card. 



New! Enhanced DeskMate 3 



TM 




software for the Color Computer 3 



TM 



An "enhanced" version 
of DeskMate? 

That's right. DeskMate 3 is the 
latest version of our popular 
DeskMate integrated software 
program. It was created exclu- 
sively for the power of our new 
Color Computer 3 and features 
seven of the most commonly 
used personal-productivity 
programs — all on one diskette! 

DeskMate 3 (26-3262, $99.95) 
is designed for maximum effi- 
ciency and simplicity. There are 
no complicated commands to 
memorize, so you can begin 
working on your Color Com- 
puter 3 from the very first day. 

Get seven applications 
...on one diskette 

DeskMate 3 offers you seven 
program options that you will 
find useful for both your business 
and your personal household 
needs. You can select an applica- 
tion by simply using your mouse, 
joystick or keyboard. The appli- 
cations are identified by name 
and icon and are arranged on an 
easv-to-read menu. 



thi» »#nuil :» Jindn im 
h.-u •,.' tn :ftr »oti ca! Of 
3c»i«nr3 to br uird at 

cgr> of >our Dt»Kflat» 



Jit. \t t turn l» lh# 5AHP1F 
5f5SlO*4 anj_rracttce u»ln« 

3>-.-l i.-it ijni . :r Ju»1 -.-:• 
throu.h lhc»r rorttsnt > ou 

r.rtrirnctJ jn ruC' , > n • 

: : •. r «»rt »l»c*t 
raclu»lvtl> .< 



TEXT lets you compose, edit and 
print letters, reports on a 40/80- 
column switchable display. 

TEXT is a general-purpose 
word processor that allows you to 
write reports, letters, resumes 
and other correspondence or 
text. You can edit your work with 
a few simple commands, perform 
search and replaces, merge files, 



select blocks, copy and delete 
and more. 

LEDGER is a simple spread- 
sheet program that includes au- 
tomatic column formatting and a 
40/80-column switchable displav. 
LEDGER is perfect for budget- 
ing, sales forecasting, profit-and- 
loss projections and many other 
"What if . . . ?" calculations. 

INDEX CARDS turns your 
Color Computer 3 into a per- 
sonal filing system. Organize 
those important names and ad- 
dresses or other pertinent infor- 
mation and easily keep track of 
them. Enter and edit and per- 
form simple sorts and searches as 
vour needs dictate. 



HIE rata 




INDEX CARDS allows von to keep 
important names and addresses in 
an efficient filing system. 



PAINT allows you to take ad- 
vantage of the superior color 
graphics of the Color Computer 
3. With PAINT you can create 
brilliant drawings, charts and 
other graphic images on your 
screen and then print a copy on a 
dot-matrix printer. Create im- 
pressive proposals or "paint" just 
for fun! 

TELECOM* puts a world of 
information at your disposal on a 
40/80-column switchable display. 
This program lets you access na- 
tional information services, or ex- 
change information with other 
computers by phone. 



With CALENDAR you need 
never worry about missing those 
important engagements and 
dates. This simple-to-use 
monthly calendar program dis- 
plays all your "to do's" through- 
out each day. It's a great way to 
organize your busy schedule. 

Finally, CALCULATOR is a 
four-function mathematic prob- 
lem solver with memory that can 
be accessed within any applica- 
tion without interrupting the 
program you are currently using. 

Enhanced software for a 
powerful machine 

Our sharp Color Computer 3 
(26-3334, $219.95) is a powerful 
128K Extended BASIC personal 
computer with superb graphics 
resolution and a choice of up to 
64 colors. You get the power and 
dependability of a more expen- 
sive personal computer at a 
much lower price. The Color 
Computer 3 can be used in a va- 
riety of applications and is ex- 
pandable to 512K. It's flexible, 
too — it grows as your computing 
needs grow. 

Come in today! 

Take the Color Computer 3 
and enhanced DeskMate 3, and 
you've got yourself a powerful 
computer system. Drop by Radio 
Shack and see it today. 



Send me an RSC-18 
Software Reference Guide. 

Mail To: Radio Shack. Depl. 87-A-1018 
300 One Tandy Cenier 
Fori Worlh. TX 76102 



Name. 



Address . 



Cily _ 

Stale . 
ZIP_ 



Phone . 



Radio /hack 



* Requires optional modem. Prices apply at Radio Shack Computer Centers and participating 
stores and dealers. Monitor and disk drive sold separately. 

Circle 75 on Reader Service card. 



The Technology Store 

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION 



NEW PRODUCTS / compiled by Jeffrey Frentzen 



MS-DOS 



Turn of the Key 

The Gold Key Converser is 
a parallel-to-serial port con- 
verter that lets you drive a se- 
rial printer on an IBM PC or 
compatible. Featuring an in- 
ternal data buffer to store 
computer output, the Gold 
Key Converser connects di- 
rectly onto a parallel-printer 
cable and eliminates serial in- 
terface cards. 

The device is completely 
transparent to a computer and 
printer and supports the most 
common serial protocols. Two 
versions are being offered: 
the PS- 16 with 16K bytes of 
buffer memory ($149) and 
PS-64 with 64K ($229). 

Contact Gold Key Electron- 
ics Inc., 1 1 Cote Ave., P.O. Box 
186. Goffstown, NH 03045, 
800-325-0150 (603-625-8218 
in New Hampshire). 
Circle 557 on Reader Service card. 

Mirror Image 

Mastersoft has released 
Word for Word, a word-pro- 
cessing utility that supports 
two-way file conversions be- 
tween Wordstar, Wordperfect, 
Multimate, PFS:Write, IBM 
Writing Assistant. Volks- 
writer, ASCII, and EBCDIC (ex- 
tended binary-coded decimal 
interchange code) formats. 

Word for Word produces 
mirror-image conversions of 
the original document. The 
converted file can be edited 
and printed by any of the sup- 
ported word-processing pack- 
ages. Word for Word also 
generates a special format for 
transmitting documents over 
normal communications 
lines without the need for spe- 
cial terminal software. 

Word for Word runs on an 
IBM PC/XT/ AT or compatible 
(256K) running DOS 2.0 or 
later. The single-copy price is 
$149, with volume discounts 
available upon request. For 
information contact Master- 
soft Inc., 909 Electric Ave., 




Cold Key Converser lets you drive a serial printer on an IBM 
PC or compatible. 



Seal Beach. CA 90740. 800- 

654-5301 (213-493-2471 in 

California). 

Circle 561 on Reader Service card. 

Publisher's Aid 

Professional Publisher lets 
you create professional-look- 
ing documents faster and less 
expensively than with type- 
setting systems. Users with 
publishing or graphics-de- 
sign experience can produce 
newsletters, brochures, man- 
uals, price lists, or proposals 
using text created by the pro- 
gram or a word processor. 

Professional Publisher's 
batch-layout option prefor- 
mats long documents and 
quickly makes global format 
changes. An interactive on- 
screen editor lets you make 
short documents or specific 
changes. Other features in- 
clude algorithmic and dictio- 
nary hyphenation, best-fit 
justification, word and letter 
spacing, kerning and track- 
ing, widow and orphan con- 
trol, adjustable leading, 
vertical justification, and au- 
tomatic column balancing. 
You can also design pages us- 
ing built-in style sheets. 

The program imports text 
files in DCA or ASCII formats. 
Charts can be added from Har- 
vard Presentation Graphics 
and Lotus's 1-2-3, and graphic 
images can be integrated from 



PC Paintbrush. Dr. Halo, and 
Microsoft Windows Paint. Pho- 
tographs and other images 
can be scanned, too. 

Professional Publisher sup- 
ports the Hewlett-Packard 
Laserjet, Apple LaserWriter, 
and other Postscript devices. 
It works with scanners such 
as Datacopy, Dest, and Com- 
puscan, and it can share pe- 
ripherals on the IBM PC. 
Novell Netware, and 3Com 3 + 
networks. It runs on the IBM 
PC/AT and compatibles (640K) 
and requires an IBM En- 
hanced Graphics Adapter 
(EGA). A mouse and laser 
printer are recommended. It 
costs $695. Contact Software 
Publishing Corp., 1901 Land- 
ings Drive, Mountain View, CA 
94043-7210. 415-962-8910. 
Circle 565 on Reader Service card. 

Chart Your Course 

Progressive Peripherals & 
Software's Add Graph pro- 
duces graphics, transparen- 
cies, and slides for business 
presentations. It lets you dis- 
play up to 30 windows simul- 
taneously and can produce 
an assortment of three-di- 
mensional graphs. You can 
also create and store custom 
textures and backgrounds for 
later use. 

Add Graph reads 1-2-3, 
Open Access. Dbase, DIF. and 
Visicalc files. It fully supports 



laser printers, plotters, the Po- 
laroid Palette, and the Canon 
Inkjet printer. Low-resolution 
dot-matrix printers, such as 
the Epson FX and RX series, 
are also supported. 

The program runs on an 
IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible 
(256K) and requires an IBM. 
STB. EGA. Hercules, or com- 
patible graphics card. It costs 
$149.95. Contact Progressive 
Peripherals & Software Inc.. 
464 Kalamath St.. Denver, 
CO 80204. 303-825-4144. 
Circle 563 on Reader Service card. 

List Manager 

Arc Tangent Inc. has re- 
leased Arclist. a list-manage- 
ment program offering 
mainframe list-management 
features on the IBM PC/XT/ 
AT and compatible com- 
puters (640K) with a hard- 
disk drive. Arclist can man- 
age up to 20 million names, 
merge-purge up to five lists at 
once, and recognize near-du- 
plicate entries using match- 
code or algorithm tech- 
niques. It can create and print 
any kind of mailing label, 
packing slip, or form letter, as 
well as five basic types of re- 
ports, including sheet and sub- 
headed listings, list profiles, 
financial reports, duplication 
reports, and bar charts. 

Arclist offers built-in rou- 
tines that correctly convert 
full or misspelled state names 
and irregular abbreviations 
to proper two-character ab- 
breviations. It can change up- 
percase entries to mixed case 
and vice versa. The Nth Sam- 
pling feature tests a list before 
committing to a full-scale 
mailing; labels can be sorted 
and printed according to 
postal-service presort specifi- 
cations. Arclist also calcu- 
lates postage, prints mailing- 
analysis reports, and creates 
mail-tray labels. 

Arclist includes help 
screens, password protection, 
an activity log, and automatic 
file repair. It comes with a 300- 
page manual and retails for 
$595, although a demonstra- 



126 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 232 on Reader Service card. 




ELECTRONICS 





256K MOD 1000 EX 1 DR 529.00 

384K MOD 1000 SX 2 DR 779.00 

512K MOD 3000 HL 1 DR 1139.00 

512K MOD 3000 1 DR 1629.00 

512K MOD 3000 20 MEG 1 DR 2479.00 

640K MOD 3000 40 MEG 1 DR 2929.00 

512K MOD 6000 15 MEG 1 DR 2229.00 

24K MOD 102 PORTABLE 369.00 

24K MOD 200 PORTABLE 599.00 

32K MOD 600 PORTABLE. . . 1149.00 

64K MOD 4D 2 DR 839.00 



VM 



4 MONO MONITOR 94.00 



VM-3 MONO MONITOR 155.00 

VM-1 MONO MONITOR 149.00 

CM-1 COLOR MONITOR 399.00 

CM-5 COLOR MONITOR 219.00 

CM-11 COLOR MONITOR 2319.00 

DMP 105 PRINTER 145.00 

DMP 130 PRINTER 249.00 

DMP 430 PRINTER 479.00 

DMP 2110 PRINTER 889.00 

DMP 2200 PRINTER 1149.00 

DWP 220 DAISY WHEEL 319.00 

DWP 230 DAISY WHEEL 299.00 

DWP 510 DAISY WHEEL 549.00 

DWP 520 DAISY WHEEL 689.00 



10 MEG HARD DISK 499.00 

10 MEG BACK UP 1529.00 

20 + 20 MEG B/U 2339.00 

20 MEG HARD CARD 569.00 

35 MEG HD PRIMARY 2049.00 

35 MEG HD SECOND 1829.00 

70 MEG HD PRIMARY 2679.00 

70 MEG HD SECOND 2239.00 

3V2 DRIVE MOD 102 149.00 

3 1 /2 DRIVE MOD 1000 225.00 

5 1 /2 DRIVE MOD 1000 170.00 

360K DRIVE MOD 3000 135.00 

1.2M DRIVE MOD 3000 209.00 

128K COCO 3 159.00 

PRINTER SWITCH 80.00 

PRINTER CONTROLLER 179.00 

8 COLOR PLOTTER 569.00 

STANDBY POWER 439.00 

300/1200 MODEM BRD 155.00 

CELLULAR PHONE 929.00 

SATELLITE ANTENNA 1519.00 

ROBIE SR ROBOT 139.00 

TRACTOR DWP 220 79.00 

TRACTOR DWP 230 80.00 

TRACTOR DWP 510 159.00 

TRACTOR DWP 520 109.00 



100% RS COMPONENTS NO FOREIGN DRIVES OR MEMORY FULL WARRANTY 

ALL RS SOFTWARE 20% OFF CATALOG PRICE 

CASHIERS CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY ALL ORDERS 



(817) 825-4027 



NOCONA ELECTRONICS • box 593 • nocona, tx 75255 



It's as Easy as 
Accounting 1-2-3! 

Finally there is a complete, sophisticated, 
full-featured accounting package that IS EASY! 

AND IT'S ONLY $99.95 



Our Customers Tell Us That The 
Foundation Series is the Easiest, Most 
Complete Accounting Software They've 
Ever Used. 

The Foundation Series is completely 
menu-driven — with simple choices that 
take you through each function step 
by step. Plus on-line Help screens to 
provide extra help whenever you need it. 

Modules are all fully interactive on 
line meaning that new date you enter is 
automatically updated throughout the 
system. Modules include: 

• GENERAL LEDGER with unlimited 
multi-level accounts and a unique 
budgeting routine. 

• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, including 
customized aging reports and customized 
statements with remittance advice. 

• ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, with 
unlimited number of vendors, and 
unlimited allocations per invoice. 




• INVENTORY CONTROL with two- 
year on-line history and detailed stock 
movement reporting by product. 

• BILLING/INVOICING with automatic 
updating of all files at time of invoice 
production. 

Plus uniqique features that make The 
Foundation Series the easiset system to 
get up and running quickly: 

• A standard chart of accounts, including 
the categories most often used by any bus- 
iness. Saves a tremendous amount of time 
in your initial set-up. 

• No set-up of balance sheet and income 
statements needed. Their content and 
format is already established according to 
the guidelines of the American Association 
of C.PA's. 

• NO other accounting package gives you 
this much for under $100. Plus excellent 
support from knowledgeable, helpful Kalgan 
personnel. 

ONLY $99.95 FOR THIS 

COMPLETE SYSTEM! 

CALL TOLL-FREE I -800-3 3 1 -07 1 3 
(IN CALIFORNIA 1-800-222-0713) 

30-DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE 

We're so confident you're going to love The 
Foundation Series we'll refund your money within 
30 days of purchase (minus $20 handling fee) if you 
are dissatisfied. Don't delay — call TOLL FREE to 
place your order, or to request more information. 



a 



Kalgan 
Software 

IT'S SO EASY! 



17975-D Skypark Circle. Irvine, CA 92714 
(714) 250-1722 

Circle 1 10 on Reader Service card. 



NEW PRODUCTS 



tion copy is available for 
$49.95. Contact Arc Tangent 
Inc.. 232 Anacapa St.. P.O. Box 
2009, Santa Barbara, CA 
93120.805-965-7277. 
Circle 55 1 on Reader Service card. 

The One-Board 
Solution 

The Persyst Division of 
Emulex Corp. has released the 
SB-III. an EMS (expanded- 
memory specification) and I/O 
expansion board for the IBM 
PC/XT/AT and compatibles. 
It offers up to 2MB of ex- 
panded memory, serial/par- 
allel ports, calendar/clock, 
and a game-port interface. 

Using one expansion slot, 
the SB-III provides 1MB of ex- 
tra memory using 256K RAM 
chips; another 1MB can be 
added by attaching a daugh- 
terboard to the SB-III. The 
board fits into any PC or AT 
long slot (Tandy 1 200 or 3000 
only) and includes software 
with utilities such as a RAM- 
disk emulator and print 




The SB-III offers up to 2MB of expanded memory, serial/par- 
allel ports, calendar/clock, and game-port interface. 



spooler. The RS-232-compat- 
ible serial port has a program- 
mable baud rate (50-9,600 
baud) and full modem (DTE) 
support. 

Retail price for the SB-III is 
$399. Contact Emulex Corp.. 
3545 Harbor Blvd.. P.O. Box 
6725, Costa Mesa. CA 92626. 



714-662-5600. 

Circle 555 on Reader Service card. 

Up and Running 

Jumpstart is a program for 
business professionals who 
need an introduction to com- 
puters and telecommunica- 
tions but don't have the time 



to pore over manuals and tu- 
torials. It combines an address 
book, appointment calendar, 
text editor, financial calcula- 
tor, file utilities, and a termi- 
nal program. Numerous help 
screens are available with a 
single keystroke. 

For frequently performed 
communications tasks, you 
can build macros that auto- 
matically dial a phone num- 
ber, log onto a network, 
transfer a file, log off, and 
hang up. You can exchange 
groups of files with a remote 
computer that is also running 
Jumpstart, and manage data 
and text files with the ASCII 
text editor and file utilities. 
Jumpstart is not copy-pro- 
tected, comes with a 60-day 
money-back guarantee, and 
costs $66. 

Contact Ascent Inc., 190 
Sobrante Way. Suite 201. 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086. 800- 
367-5867 (408-720-9200 in 
California). 

Circle 552 on Reader Service card. 



Circle 86 on Reader Service card. 



Circle 485 on Reader Service card. 





MODEL III 


MODEL 4 






TRS-80 MODEL III 
TRS-80Model4 

RS-232 SERIAL INTERFACE 

MODIFICATION KIT 

GfyEbsp 


HIE 







Stale oi trie an technology m board design, our direct replacement o' Radio Shack's* 
internal RS-232 board, mounts inside the Model III or 4 on the ensting brackets All 
cables screws and complete mounting instructions are included Nontechnical 
people well lind that installation is quick, straight lorward and simple requiring less 
than 1 5 minutes to complete 



Total compatability with Radio Shack 
Software programmable baud rates from 
programmable word length stop bits, ar 
duplet operation 

Camtfoe/c 

2544 West Commerce Street 
P.O. Box 223957 
Dallas, Texas 75212 
214-638-8886 



' and all existing software is maintained 
50 to 1 9.200 baud are supported along with 
id parity May be utilized in either hail of fun 

Outstanding Value 

oU $ 69. 95 

Guaranteed One Full Year 
Dealer inquiries invited 
Please forward payment by a cathler'a 
check or money Ofdar. 
Visa or Mastercharge also accepted. 

Add S3 00 shipping & handling 
(Foreign orders quoted on request) 




Solution! 

DnlGl® Power Protection Products 

TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SURGE SUPPRESSORS 

POWER LINE FILTERS 

STANDBY UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SYSTEMS 

1-800-524-0400, in PA 215-837-0700 

CALL TODAY FOR FREE LITERATURE 

Kalglo Electronics Co., Inc. DEALER - OEM 

6584 Ruch Road DISTRIBUTOR 

Bethlehem, PA 18017 INQUIRIES INVITED 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 129 



Circle 444 on Reader Service card. 



Tandy 1000 Memory Card 



another high quality product from Southwestern Digital 

Why spend a bundle on a Tandy board? 
Our Board is only 



$135. 



Features: 

• 512K of Memory 

• DMA 

• Expansion Port 

• Gold Edge Cards 

• Easy Installation 

• 30 Day Satisfaction Guarantee Policy 




The Southwestern Digital Memory Expansion Plus Card has all 
the features of the Radio Shack Board but the price; you save 
almost $400. Features include 512K installed, burned in, and tested 
to give you a total of 640K, a DMA circut that is fully tested for hard 
drive operation, and an expansion port that will work with any of the 
Radio Shack Memory Plus Expansion Card options. High quality 
manufacturing, and features such as gold plated card edges make 
this the logical choice in upgrading your memory. 



Tandy 1000 Add on Boards 
Serial, Clock, or Both 

The Southwestern Digital new Add-On boards were developed 
for use with the Plus Card Port, ( a piggy-back type, add on port 
established by Tandy to eliminate the need for an additional card 
slot ). These cards are fully compatible with the Memory Expansion 
Plus Card from Southwestern Digital and the Memory Expansion 
Plus Board from Tandy. 

RS232C PLUS Option Board 

Mounts on a PLUS expansion board, and features selectivity 
between COM Port 1 and COM Port 2. The RS232C output connec- 
tor is the standard Tandy female DB25, and is fully compatible with 
the Tandy output. $85. 

Clock/Calendar PLUS Option Board 

Mounts on a Plus expansion board, and features selectivity between 
two ports so that you can run two clocks at one time. The Clock 
Calendar Board gives you perpetual time/date so that you don't have 
to re-input time and date into your application programs as part of 
your power up routine. $85. 

RS232C-Clock/Calendar PLUS Option Board 

Features options of both of the above boards on just one 
board. $170. 

Save on the Combination 

512K, RS232C-Serial Port, and Clock $245. 

(Includes RAM DISK and PRINTER SPOOLER) 

NEW! 

20 Megabyte Tandy 1000 HARD DRIVE $550. 

(for use with 1 or 2 Disk Drives) 

Tandy 1000 Computer System 

Tandy 1000 with 640K, RS232 Serial Port, Clock/Calender, and a 
20 Meg Hard Drive $1450. 




Order Line 
1-713-480-3296 

Southwestern Digital 

17333 El Camino Real 
Houston, TX 77058 

Ordering Information 

Call us or mail your order in We accept Visa. Mastercard, and Certified Funds tor quickest ship- 
ment. Personal checks are held lor clearance Add $5 lor ground shipment, or $10 lor UPS 2nd 
day air service All products carry a 30 day satisfaction guarantee, and are warrantied lor a lull 
year 



NEW PRODUCTS 



20 Megabytes to Go 

Maynard Electronics has 
announced Maynstream Plus 
20/20, a combination half- 
height, 20-megabyte (MB), 
hard-disk drive and tape 
back-up system that comes 
in a portable case. 

The Maynstream Plus 20/ 
20 controller card takes only 
one slot and is attached to the 
hard drive by a quick-release 
cable. The drive runs on its 
own power supply, so the 
only power drawn from a 
computer is for the controller 
card. It backs up 20MB in un- 
der five minutes, file by file, 
onto 4- by 2%-inch tape cas- 
settes. A file-splitting option 
lets you put data on a second 
or third cassette when the 
first one is full. The hard drive 
has an average seek time of 
60 milliseconds (ms). 

The hard-drive and tape 
back-up system is designed to 
be ported between IBM PCs 
and ATs. It costs $2,400 and 
comes with a manual. Contact 




Innoventions' Sideclock lets you add clock/calendar func- 
tions without wasting an expansion slot. 



Maynard Electronics, 460 E. 
Semoran Blvd., Casselberry, 
FL 32707, 305-331-6402. 
Circle 562 on Reader Senilce card. 

Ticked Off 

Sideclock is a miniature 
clock card for the IBM PC and 
compatibles that lets you add 



clock/calendar functions 
without wasting an expan- 
sion slot. Measuring 1 % by 3% 
inches and having a rectan- 
gular hole in its center. Side- 
clock mounts horizontally 
on any of the motherboard's 
expansion slots, and it can 
share the same slot with an- 



other expansion card. 

In typical applications, 
Sideclock shares the expan- 
sion slot used for the video 
adapter or the floppy-disk 
controller. It comes with 
control software and a five- 
year lithium battery. The cost 
is $59.95. Contact Innoven- 
tions Inc., 1669 S. Voss, Suite 
#880, Houston, TX 77057. 
713-728-0938. 
Circle 559 on Reader Service card. 

Gothic Trappings 

Infocom's new interactive 
game, Moonmist, is a Gothic 
mystery set in fog-shrouded 
Tresyllian Castle, which 
houses hidden treasure, puz- 
zling riddles, and a ghost. 

When admitted to the cas- 
tle, you meet a cast of eccen- 
tric characters ranging from a 
blue-blooded debutante to an 
overly helpful butler. Most 
have seen the ghostly figure 
in the tower window. You 
learn that a valuable object is 
hidden in the castle and soon 
find yourself involved in a 



Circle 152 on Reader Service card. 



NEW PRINTERS ADDED! FIND YOURS BELOW. 

Good This Month 



RIBBON SALE 



EXACT REPLACEMENTS 



PRINTER 


RIBBON 


NEW CARTRIDGES 


RELOADS 


INSERTS EZ-LOADtm 


MAKE, MODEL NUMBER 


SIZE 


F 


rom the various 


You SEND your used 


DROP IN. NO WINDING! 


Contact us if your printer is 




man 


utacturers or made 


CARTRIDGES to us. WE 


EXACT REPLACEMENTS 


not listed. We have many more in stock. 




1 


i our own shop. 


put OUR NEW INSERTS 


made in our own shop. ! 


We can probably RELOAD your old cartridges. 


Yards 




Ready to use. 




in them. 


! Cartridges NOT 


ncluded. 


C ITOH Prowriter 1550-8510, NEC 8023-8025, APPLE DMPimagew 


1/2x 18 


$15/2 


$42/6 $ 78/12 


$7/1 


$6 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


IBM PROPRINTER (Standard Paper) (4201) 


7/16x20 


$18/2 


$51/6 $ 96/12 


$8/1 


$7 ea 2 or more 


$18/3 $66/12 


$360/72 


PC (Standard Paper) (51 52) 


1/2 x 20 


$14/2 


$36/6 $ 66/12 


$7/1 


$6 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


RADIO SHACK-TOSHIBA-COMMODORE-PANASONIC-RICOH 




RS LPIIIIV, CENTRON 


730-737-739-779 (Zip Pack) 


$12/3 $45/12 


$252/72 


Carbon Film - DWP 210, DIABLO HYTYPE II Black (1445) 


5/16 x 145 


$18/3 


$60/12 $342/72 


$5ea3-11 


$4 ea 12 or more 


$24/6 $42/12 


$234/72 


DW II, DWP 410-510, RICOH 1200-1300-1600 Black (1419) 


1/4 x 145 


$18/3 


$60/12 $342/72 


$5ea3-11 


$4 ea 12 or more 


$24/6 $42/12 


$234/72 


Red, Green, Blue, Brown Colors (1419) 
Fabric (Long Life), DWP 210, DIABLO HYTYPE II Black (1458) 


1/4 x 130 


$21/3 
$18/2 


$72/12 $414/72 
$51/6 $ 96/12 


$6ea3-11 
$8/1 


$5ea 12 or more 
$7ea 2 or more 


$30/6 $54/12 
$21/3 $78/12 


$234/72 
$432/72 


5/16> 17 


DW II, DWP 410-510, RICOH 1200-1300-1600 Black (1449) 
DMP-100, LP VII, COMMODORE 1525, GORILLA BANANA (1424) 
D M P- 200, 1 20, (430 Inserts & Reloads Only) (1 296) (1 483) 


114,25 


$18/2 
$18/2 
$20/2 


$51/6 $ 96/12 
$51/6 $ 96/12 
$57/6 $108/12 


$8/1 


$7 ea 2 or more 


$21/3 $78/12 


$432/72 


Inker Loop 
1/2x20 


$7/1 


$6 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


DMP-400-420, LP VI-VIII, PANASONIC KXP-130-1093 (1418) 


5/16 x 14 


$15/2 


$42/6 $ 78/12 


$7/1 


$6ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


DM P-500 (1 30 Inserts & Reloads Only) (1 236) (1 482) 


1/2x20 


$22/2 


$63/6 $120/12 


$7/1 


$6 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


DMP-2100, TOSHIBA P1340-1350-1351-351 (1442) 


1/2x20 


$15/2 


$42/6 $ 78/12 


$7/1 


$6 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


DMP-2200, C ITOH 3500 (1233) 


1/2x52 




$35 each 


$18/1 


$16ea 2 or more 


$30/3 $57/6 


$108/12 


LP lll-V, CANON A 1200 (New Only) <V4 « 5) (1414) 


1/2x15 


$15/2 


$42/6 $ 78/12 


$7/1 


$6ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


EPSON LQ 1000 


1/2x18 


$22/2 


$63/6 $120/12 


$8/1 


$7 ea 2 or more 


$18/3 $66/12 


$360/72 


MXFXRX 70-80-85, LX 80-90 (5716 x 7) 


1/2.20 


$14/2 


$36/6 $ 66/12 


$7/1 


$6 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


MXFXRX 100-185-286, LQ800(1/2x 18) LQ 1500(1/2x14) 


1/2 x 30 


$18/2 


$51/6 $ 96/12 


$8/1 


$7 ea 2 or more 


$18/3 $66/12 


$360/72 


DX 20-35 Carbon Film (Muitistrike), OLIVETTI ET-121-221 


5/16 . 290 


$21/3 


$72/12 $414/72 


(Call lor 


Correctable Prices) 






NEC Spinwri tor-Carbon Film - 2000-3500 (Reloads BCCOMPCOOnly) 
• 5500-7700 (Can Reload Most Types) 
■ Fabric • 2000-3500 (Can Reload All) 


5/16 « 14', 


S18/3 
$18/3 
S18/2 


$60/12 $342/72 
$60/12 $342/72 
$51/6 $ 96/12 


S5ea3-11 
$5ea3-11 
$8/1 


$4 ea 12 or more 
$4 ea 12 or more 
$7 ea 2 or more 


$24/6 $42/12 
$24/6 $42/12 
$15/3 $54/12 


$234/72 
$234/72 
$288/72 


114 > 145 


1/2 > 14 


• 5500-7700 (Can Reload All) 


1/2 x 13 


$15/2 


$42/6 $ 78/12 


$8/1 


$7 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


PlnwrlterP1-P2-P6, P-5(i/2xi4) 


1/2 x 20 


$25/2 


S69/6 $126/12 


$7/1 


$6 ea 2 or more 


$15/3 $54/12 


$288/72 


P3-P7 


1/2x27 


$30/2 


$84/6 $156/12 


$8/1 


$7 ea 2 or more 


$18/3 $66/12 


$360/72 


OKIDATA Pacemark 2350-2410 Black 


1/2 x 100 




S25 each 


$20/1 


$18 ea 2 or more 


$36/3 $132/12 


$720/72 


Mlcrollne 182-183-192-193 (Call lor 292-293 prices) 
ML-80-82-83-92-93 (Call tor ML 84 Prices) 


Inker Loop 
1/2 x 16 


$20/2 
$21/6 


$57/6 $108/12 
$36/12 $198/72 


SE 


NO CHECK. MONEY ORDER, OR COD. TO: 

bccompco mm. 


MANNESMAN-TALLY MT-160, RITEMAN INFORUNNER (inker Loop) 


9mm x 11 


$19/2 


$54/6 $102/12 


~wSX" 


MT-1 80-290 








!■■■ 


Ann Smith 17 Rn> 9dfi 




-SPIRIT 80 (SP80) COMMODORE 1526 (Muitistrike) 


1/2 . 35 


$16/2 


S45/6 $ 84/12 


Summersville, MO 65571 • (417) 932-4196 

WE PAY UPS GROUND SHIPPING on PREPAID ORDERS. 

PLEASE INCLUDE STREET ADDRESS lor UPS DELIVERY 

FOREIGN ADD 15% U.S. FUNDS. 


PANASONIC KXP-1080-1090-1091 -1092-1 592-1 595 


Inker Loop 


$20/2 


$57/6 $108/12 


BROTHER HR-15-25-35 


Carbon Film (Muitistrike) 

Fabric (Call (or Comrex 420 Prices) 


5/16x82 


$18/3 


$60/12 $342/72 


COMREX DX-15, II 


5/16x 17 


$15/2 


$42/6 $ 78/12 


MISSOURI RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 131 



Circle 107 on Reader Service card. 




The LDOS 5.3 upgrade kit is now available to take your 
Model III or 4 (in 3 mode) to the year 2000. LDOS 5.3 
provides complete media compatibility with LS-DOS 
6.3, the newest Model 4 DOS released by Logical 
Systems, Inc. With LDOS 5.3, you can add 12 years to 
the life of your software. Just look at these improve- 
ments over version 5. 1 .4! 

DOS Enhancements: 

• Date support through December 31 , 1999; time stamping for files. 

• Enhancements to LDOS now free up 14 additional file slots for data 

disks. 

• On-line HELP facility for DOS and BASIC - 1 17 screens of help. 

LIBRARY Enhancements: 

• New FORMS, lets you change printer filter parameters. 

• New SETCOM, lets you change RS-232 parameters. 

• Improvements to LIST add paged displays, full-screen hex mode, 

and flexible tab expansion. 

• MEMORY displays directory of terminate and stay resident modules. 

• SYSTEM lets you direct the SYSGEN to any drive; adds a flexible 

drive swap subcommand; SMOOTH for faster disk throughput. 

• DIRectory display enhanced with time stamps, file EOF, and more. 

• We've also improved: AUTO, COPY, CREATE, DEBUG, DEVICE, DO, 

FREE, KILL, and ROUTE; and added CLS and TOF commands. 

UTILITY Enhancements: 

• We've added TED, a full screen text editor for ASCII files. 

• LCOMM now gives you access to LDOS library commands while in 
terminal mode. 

• PATCH supports D&F patch lines with REMOVE capabilities. 

• DATECONV has been added to convert older disks to the new date 

convention. 

BASIC Enhancements: 

• Improvement to line editing with the addition of line COPY and 

MOVE. 

• Very flexible INPUT® added for screen fielded input. 

• We've added a CMD"V" to dump a list of active variables with 

values - including arrays. 

For $24.95 ( •- S&H), the LDOS 5.3 upgrade kit includes a DOS disk and 

documentation covering the enhancements. Specify Model 3/4 or 

MAX-80. 

P.S. - Don't return you old diskl 



MISOSYS, Inc. 

PO Box 239 

Sterling. VA 22170-0239 

703-450-4181 MC, VISA, CHOICE 

Orders Only I 800-MISOSYS 1 P-5P EST Monday-Friday 



VA residents add sales tax. S&H: US $2, Canada $3. Foreign S6. 




NEW PRODUCTS 



treasure hunt. Clues are given 
in the form of riddles, which 
hold the answers to the truth 
behind Tresyllian Castle. 

Four variations of Moon- 
mist are contained on the 
same disk, each with sepa- 
rate puzzles, treasure, and so- 
lutions to the mystery. 
Moonmist comes with an il- 
lustrated copy of Legendary 
Ghosts of Cornwall. It costs 
$39.95. Contact Infocom Inc.. 
125 Cambridge Park Drive. 
Cambridge, MA 02140. 617- 
492-6000. 
Circle 558 on Reader Service card. 

What's 

On the Menu? 

Hot is a DOS file utility that 
lets you customize menus, 
bypass the complexities of 
DOS. and locate and edit any 
file with single keystrokes. 
Hot sets up a series of menus 
from which you can access all 
files. The program includes 
eight utilities: lWord. a text 
editor; File Finder, a file and 
directory locator; Hot Menus, 
a menuing system; Popup 
Hot Menus, a keyboard 
macro program similar to Su- 
perkey: Hot Build, a menu- 
maker; Run File; Hotime Cal- 
endar; and Command Shell, a 
DOS-like command line with 
system statistics and com- 
mand history. 

Hot requires an IBM PC/XT/ 
AT or compatible (256K) run- 
ning MS-DOS 2.0 or later, al- 
though 512K and MS-DOS 3.0 
are recommended. It costs $75 
and Is not copy-protected. 
Contact Executive Systems 
Inc.. 15300 Ventura Blvd.. 
Suite 305. Sherman Oaks. CA 
91403.818-990-3457. 
Circle 556 on Reader Service card. 

Upgraded C 

Lifeboat Associates' Ad- 
vantage C++ is an imple- 
mentation of AT&T's C+ + 
programming language for 
the IBM PC and compatibles. 
This upgraded language has 
a variety of constructs to help 
you define data types or 
classes, and it offers strong 
type checking to keep you 
from making data-type er- 
rors. Existing C source code 
can be passed through Ad- 
vantage C + + . read, com- 
bined with other C code, and 



used with the Lattice C or Mi- 
crosoft C compilers. 

Advantage C+ + supports 
enhanced data abstraction by 
letting you define new types 
called classes. These are simi- 
lar to structures except that 
they have function members 
as well as data members. The 
concept lets you determine 
how programs deal with pro- 
cedures that operate on data 
and with the data itself. 
Classes, member and friend 
functions, constructors and 
destructors, overloaded opera- 
tors, and virtual functions ac- 
count for the language's sup- 
port of data abstraction. New 
notational convenience and 
derived classes make masses 
of code more understandable. 

Advantage C++ comes on 
two disks. The package in- 
cludes a user's guide, a copy 
of The C++ Programming 
Language by its creator. 
Bjarne Stroustrup. and an 
abridged version of Unix Sys- 
tem V AT&T C++ Transla- 
tor Release Notes. The 
package sells for $495. For 
more information, contact 
Lifeboat Associates Inc.. 55 S. 
Broadway. Tarry town. NY 
10591. 800-847-7078 (914- 
332-1875 in New York). 
Circle 560 on Reader Service card. 

Swing Both Ways 

The Blue Thunder Z80 co- 
processor, with the included 
CP/M emulator software, al- 
lows you to run CP/M-80 soft- 
ware on an IBM PC/AT/XT or 
compatible. All CP/M files are 
kept in MS-DOS format and 
the same files can be pro- 
cessed by MS-DOS or CP/M 
programs. For example, you 
can take a file created with a 
CP/M word processor and run 
it through an MS-DOS spell- 
ing checker. You can also 
bind a header to a CP/M pro- 
gram, which turns a CP/M 
program into an MS-DOS pro- 
gram and starts execution 
automatically. 

The Blue Thunder regular 
version runs at 5MHz 
($249.95). the high-speed ver- 
sion at 10MHz ($399.95). with 
the host PC providing addi- 
tional power to buffer the I/O 
(input/output). The transient 
program area (TPA) is 63K. 
The board emulates a Kaypro 



132 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 381 on Reader Service card. 



NEW PRODUCTS 



CP/M computer and comes 
with a utility for converting 
Kaypro-formatted disks. 

The hardware package 
comes with a 40-page instruc- 
tion manual and a 30-day 
money-back guarantee. Con- 
tact Z-World. 2065 Martin 
Ave.. Suite 110. Santa Clara. 
CA 95050. 408-980-1678. 
Circle 566 on Reader Service card. 

Managing Accounts 

Signature Solutions has re- 
leased the Job Tracking Sys- 
tem, an accounting package 
for the IBM PC/XT/AT and 
compatibles (256K). De- 
signed for use in bookkeeping 
firms, the program maintains 
information about current ac- 
counts. including client 
name, job description, rates, 
date in/out, budget, and time 
and billing records. 

Several job-control and 
management reports are 
available to track the pro- 
gress of accounts. A system 
tutorial and context-sensitive 
help function are provided in 
place of a manual. An auto- 
matic back-up facility main- 
tains the daily processing of 
jobs and reminds you if you 
don't back up often enough. 

The Job Tracking System 
is priced at $595. Contact Sig- 
nature Solutions Inc., 454 
Kenneth Ave., Campbell, CA 
95008. 800-327-6111 (408- 
378-8177 in California). 
Circle 564 on Reader Service card. 

New Development 

Beacon Street Software has 
released PC/Power, a pro- 
gram-development system 
incorporating several func- 
tions to help you create and 
test applications. The devel- 
opment system provides an 
environment in which you 
can run compilers and link- 
ers, create screens, and test 
your programs. A run-time 
system supports the applica- 
tions you develop. 

PC/Power supports appli- 
cations in a variety of lan- 
guages, including C, Pascal, 
Basic, and assembly, and it 
lets you use different lan- 
guages in the same applica- 
tion. A command-line function 
lets you test programs during 
development with the option 
of calling your favorite debug- 



ger from a pop-up menu. You 
can also build indexes of ap- 
plications and programs for 
integrating existing pro- 
grams into an application. 

The run-time system is roy- 
alty free and can be distrib- 
uted with your applications. 
PC/Power costs $95 and runs 
on the IBM PC and compati- 
bles. Contact Beacon Street 
Software Inc., P.O. Box 216, 
Boston. MA 02133. 800-628- 
2828. ext. 712. 
Circle 554 on Reader Service card. 

TRS-80 

Logical Upgrade 

Logical Systems Inc.'s LS- 
DOS 6.3 is an update of the 
TRSDOS 6.x operating sys- 
tem for the Model 4 and is up- 
wardly compatible with other 
TRSDOS 6.x versions. LS- 
DOS 6.3 modifies the time 
stamp, as well as the date, 
and expands the date range 
through 1999. It includes the 
Dateconv program for updat- 
ing TRSDOS 6.x or earlier 
disks to the LS-DOS 6.3-style 
dating. 

Other features include new 
supervisor calls (SVCs) for 
screen-print and decimal dis- 
play, one-pass format and 
disk-duplication programs, 
and a variable and line-num- 
ber cross-reference utility for 
Basic programs. It also in- 
cludes such Basic enhance- 
ments as line copy and block 
move with automatic line-ref- 
erence renumbering; search 
and display variable, line 
numbers, and keywords; se- 
lective block renumbering; 
faster load and save func- 
tions; direct access to DOS 
SVCs; and single-letter abbre- 
viations for Auto, Delete, 
Edit, and List commands. 

LS-DOS 6.3 also includes 
TED. a text editor that stores 
files in standard ASCII for- 
mat. The system upgrade 
costs $29.95. Contact Logical 
Systems Inc.. P.O. Box 
55235. Grand Junction. CO 
81505. 303-243-7070. 
Circle 567 on Reader Service card. 

Meet the Tax Man 

Try-O-Tax is a program to 
assist you in preparing a 



TANDY COMPUTERS 




FEATURING THE 

TANDY 3000 FAMILY 

STARTING AT 

TANDY 3000 HL 
$1299°° 

4 TIMES AN AT'S POWER 

ONE DISK DRIVE 

360K 51 2K MEMORY 



Tandy 3000 with 1.2 meg floppy $1829 

Tandy 3000 20 meg HD plus 1.2 meg floppy $2698 

Tandy 3000 40 meg HD plus 1.2 meg floppy $3249 

MSD0S Plus Deskmate $85 

Deluxe Text Adapter for VM-1, CM-1 $199 

Deluxe Graphics Display adapter for CM-1, VM-1 $319 

Deluxe Graphics Display adapter for CM-1, VM-2 $199 

VM-1 (Hi res monochrome monitor) $149 

CM-1 (Hi res color) (640x400) $459 

VM-3 (720x348) $179 VM-4 (640x348) $115 



TANDY 1000 SX 
$819.00 

With 2 Disk Drives 

384K Memory 

50% Faster Than IBM PC 

Includes Deskmate 

TANDY 1000 EX 

$569.00 

1 Disk Drive 256K RAM 
Includes Deskmate 



1000 MONITORS 

VM-4 (640x200) $115 

CM-5 (320x200) $239 

CM-1 0(640x200) $369 

H.D. Card (20 meg) .... $609 

20 Meg Internal H.D. for 1000 
$499.00 

Seagate HD 20 Meg Card . . . .$549 



COLOR COMPUTER III (128M) Exp. to 512K $169 

51 2K Memory Board ... $149 CM-8 Hi Res Monitor . . . $259 



Sale 



Was 



Tandy Model 102 $399 

Tandy Model 200 $629 

Tandy Model 600 $1339... $799 



Now 

..$339 G00D 
..$499 THRU 



12/8/86 



PRINTERS 

ALL TANDY PRINTERS 

also 

OKIDATA-NEC 



STAR NX-10 
$259.00 



ZUCKER BOARD FOR 1000 

640K Memory board $159 

Add Clock Calendar $49 

PJB BOARDS 
MFB 1000 Boards 
with clock calendar ^ _ _ 
and RS232 Port $199 
640K Memory $249 

XRAM for 1000 or 3000 
Can be brought to ^ . --. 

over 2 meg of memory Jpl 0" 

256K RAMS 150NS $39 SET OF 8 



BODEX CORP. 

224 E Main St., Marlboro, MA 01752 

Tel 1-(617)-485-5115 Hrs. 10AM-9PM, Sat. 10AM-5PM 

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE 

TANDY TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 133 



Circle 301 on Reader Service card. 



WHY PAY MORE... 

When you can own for MUCH LESS! 









TANDY® 
COMPUTERS 



Call for Information 
on the new 

3000 HL 



fWV\ 



Enjoy year round Sale 
prices with credit card 
convenience or special 
discount prices for Cash 
Purchases. 

Same day processing for 
speedy delivery 

Special 30 day return 
policy. 

FULL CATALOG 
SELECTION 




Customer 

Service 

9 AM 

to 

5 PM 

Texas 

time 



■■i 



BIG D COMPUTERS 

ROANOKE CENTER-ROANOKE, TX 76262 



CALL 1-800-FOR BIG D f—* 

(1-80O-367-2443) —-■ 

In Texas call (817)491-2461 










NEW PRODUCTS 




Grolen Inc.'s Ulta-Mate work center. 



1986 federal tax return. It cal- 
culates and prints schedules 
A. B. C, D. E. F, G. SE. and W. 
as well as forms 1040. 2106. 
2441. and 6552. Also pro- 
vided is a stand-alone pro- 
gram for estimating your 
1986 tax liability. 

Try-O-Tax uses menu 
prompts to guide you 



through the preparation pro- 
cess, which can be completed 
over several sessions rather 
than all at once. 

Try-O-Tax is available for 
the TRS-80 Models III and 4 
(running under TRSDOS 
1.3); Color Computer; and 
Tandy 1000. 1200. and 3000. 
It costs $39.99 (plus $3 ship- 



ping and handling). Contact 
Try-O-Byte. 1008 Alton Cir- 
cle. Florence, NC 29501, 803- 
662-9500. 
Circle 568 on Reader Service card. 



Etc. 



Stay in Touch 

The Word/Processing 
Users' Group (W/PUG) has 
announced Scroll, a national 
bulletin-board system for 
writers, secretaries, educa- 
tors, and other users of word 
processing. 

Scroll allows the uploading 
and downloading of docu- 
ments for evaluation and re- 
view, and it invites users to 
download special programs 
for word processing. The sys- 
tem is named after the W/ 
PUG newsletter, which at- 
tracts writers from all parts of 
the world. W/PUG also main- 
tains a library of public-do- 
main disks, which are 
available in more than 100 



computer formats. 

To sign onto Scroll, call 
516-294-9724. No password 
is needed; the annual mem- 
bership fee is $25. For more 
information, contact Word/ 
Processing Users' Group Inc.. 
Box 144, Malverne, NY 
11565.516-746-0056. 
Circle 578 on Reader Service card. 

Space Saver 

Grolen Inc. has developed 
the space-efficient Ulta-Mate 
work center. The Ulta-Mate in- 
tegrates a desk, computer 
work station, and printer 
stand with sound enclosure 
Optional accessories include a 
disk catalog/file system and a 
monitor stand with copy tray. 

Grolen's Return-a-Form pa- 
per-handling method feeds 
forms from the shelf under 
the printer and uses a baffle 
design to return and stack 
forms at the front of the work 
center. The Sound Trap 
printer enclosure reduces 
printer noise and is hinged to 
allow printer access. 



Circle 534 on Reader Service card. 



J ame co Mail-Order Electronics • Worldwide • Since 1974 




PORTABLE 100 AND 200 OWNERS!! 



TANDY 1000 OWNERS!! 

ZUCKISRfcO'MO Ex P, ar ?x S J? n Me™?^ 
^ Half Card and 

Clock/Calendar for 

the Tandy 1000 

The Zuckerboard Expansion Memory 

Board allows you to expand the mem- 
ory of your Tandy 1000 (128K System) 
as much as 640K. 256K DRAM chips 
increase your computer's memory by either 256K or 51 2K, bringing 
your total system memory up to either 384K or 640K. The memory 
board also includes a DMA controller chip. Optional clock/calendar 
plugs directly onto the memory board. Manual included. 

TAN-C Clock/Calendar Option (only) $ 39.95 

TAN-EM256K Includes 256K RAM $ 99.95 

TAN-EM512K Includes 51 2K RAM $129.95 

NEW! MULTIFUNCTION BOARD NEW! 

with Clock Calendar, RS232 Port, RAM Disk 

Printer Spooler and DMA Controller for Tandy 1000 

MTAN-256K Includes 256K RAM $179.95 

MTAN-512K Includes 51 2K RAM $209.95 

$20.00 Minimum Order - US. Funds Only Spec Sheet* - 50c each 

California Residents Add 6%, 6Va% or 7% Sales tax Send S1 .00 Postage for your 

Shipping - Add 5% + $1 .50 Insurance FREE 1987 JAMECO CATALOG! 

Send S.A.S.E. tor Quarterly Salts Flyrl Prices Subject to Change 



Mail Order Electronics • Worldwide L. 



3.5" Disk Drive for the 
Tandy 100 and 200 

100K of information • Connects directly to 
RS232 port • Weighs only 1.9 lbs. 

3.5"DiskDrive,Cable,ACAdapter, 
FD-1 03 Blank Diskette, Documentation $1 79.95 



SOFTWARE for the FD-1 03 Disk Drive (Software needed for operation) 

TS1 Tandy 100 TSDOS Disk Operating System Software $44.95 

TS2 Tandy 200 TSDOS Disk Operating System Software $44.95 




M1008K 



llfltlfilirilM •IKIUlltt'.tt 



TRS-80 Model 100 • NEC • Olivetti 

TRS-80 Model 100 8K Expansion - 

M1008K. $19.95 ea. or 3/$54.95 

TRS-80 Model 102 8K Expansion - 

M1028K. $9.95 

m NEC Model PC8201A 8K Expansion - 

NEC8KR $19.95 ea. or 3/S54.95 

[Olivetti Model M10 8K Expansion - 
OM108K. $19.95 ea. or 3/S54.95 



fff>rrffMM«ii 



M200R 



ITANDY 200 - Tandy Model 200 24K Expansion - 
M200R $59.95 ea. or 2/S1 09.95 



TRS-80 MODEL I, III 16K EXPANSION 



TRS-1 6K3 200ns (Model III) (8 ea. 5290N-3 Dynamic RAMs) .... $5.95 
TRS-16K4 250ns (Model I) (8 ea. 5290N-4 Dynamic RAMs) $5.49 



TRS-80 COLOR AND COLOR II 64K EXPANSION 



TRS-64K-2 (8 each 4164-200 Dynamic RAMS) $7.95 

New Models onlv — _.. . ._ 

TRS-Co-Co Includes (2) 50464's (41464's) Dynamic RAMs. . $10.95 



TRS-80 MODEL 4, 4P AND 4D 64K/128K EXPANSION 



TRS-64K-2 Expands Model 4 from 1 6K to 64K or Model 4 (Gate Array . . $7.95 

Version), 4P and 40 from 64K to 1 28K (8 ea. 4 1 64-200 Dynamic RAMs) 

TRS-64K-2PAL Expands Model 4 (Non-Gate Array Version) $14.95 

from 64K to 1 28K (8 each 41 64-200 Dynamic RAMs plus PAL Chip) 




MasterCard 



ameco 



ELECTRONICS 



VISA 1 



C19S6 
Jameco 
1/87 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 Electronics 

Phone Orders Welcome (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043 



60 Micro, February 1987 • 135 



Circle 186 on Reader Service card. 



NEW FROM 80 



MICRO 





GET THE ATTENTION 
YOU DESERVE 

Tell more than 200,000 dedicated, interested 
TRS-80 users about your product or service with an 
efficient and economical 80 Micro classified ad. 

You'll reach the most people in the market for 
the least amount of money! 

With 80 Micro's well-established audience of 

involved buyers, sellers, and swappers, your ad is 

bound to get fast results! 

For more information, write to: 

80 Micro 

Attn. Classified Manager 

80 Pine Street 
Peterborough, NH 03458 



M 



PROf ix * IV 



TM 



RESTRUCTURE&TRANSFER 
UTILITY 



NEW! For PROFILE® 4 PLUS 

Model 4- TRSDOS® 6.2 



NEW! 



49.95 
ALSO 



For PROFILE® PLUS 

Model 11/12 

$89.95 



For PROFILE® III PLUS 

Model III/4 

LDOS® or TRSDOS® 1.3 

$49.95 

PROfix allows you to reorganize your data base TO MEET TODAY'S NEEDS, 
and then moves ALL or SELECTED fields and/or records of existing data into 
your new file structure. 

** 'FEATURES*** 

• WORKS WITH HARD DISK OR FLOPPY 

• CREATE ENTIRELY NEW FILES-selected fields, records 

• PROVIDES ARCHIVINC-hard disk to floppy 

• REARRANGE FIELDS-even across segments 

• DROPOR ADD FIELDS 

• SHORTEN YOUR FILE —drop unused expansion records 

• CHANCE FIELD LENCTHS-R/L justify data 

• CHANCE NUMBER OF SEGMENTS 

• CREATE SORTED FILE -drop deleted fields 

• LITERAL INSERTION-specified fields 

• COMPLETE USER MANUAL-with examples 

-TO ORDER 

Send $49 95 (Model 1 1 1/4) or $89 95 (Model 1 1/1 2) 

Plus $2 50 for Handling and Postage 

Check, MO., VISA/MC or COD 

(for charge card, give expiration date, number) 

To- BLUE RIDGE SOFTWARE 

230 Chesterfield Road 

Lynchburg, VA 24502 

For phone orders or more information 

Call (804) 239-0574 

$1 .00 off on phone orders! 

Virginia residents add 4% sales tax 

Most orders filled within 24 hours 

(allow 2 weeks for checks to clear) 

PLEASE SPECIFY VERSION 

Profile, TRSDOS are registered trademarks of Tandy Corp. 

LDOS is a registered trademark of Logical Systems. Inc. 



Circle 464 on Reader Service card. 



Graphics Solutions 

High-Resolution Software and Hardware 



GBASIC 3.0 - Radio Shack Model 
4/4D/4P/IH hi-res board owners take note 
of an enhanced graphics Basic: GBASIC 3.0 
It not only provides an equivalent for each 
of the BASICG commands but adds a 
number of important new ones while using 
less memory. Without having to exit Basic, 
the hi-res screen can be saved to disk, 
loaded from disk, or printed on any of 30 
popular printers: Epson, Star Micronics, 
Radio Shack, Okidata, C. Itoh, NEC, etc. 
The software works with TRSDOS 1.3, 
6.1.2, 6.2; DOSPLUS 3.4, 3.5, 4; LDOS; 
and NEWDOS80. The disk contains 40 
graphics programs/files. Also included is a 
detailed manual with assembly language 
entry addresses. $49.95. (Specify Model 4 
or III mode or add $10 for both.) 

The following eleven programs run on 
a Model 4/4D/4P/III equipped with a Radio 
Shack graphics board and GBASIC 3.0 or 
a Micro-Labs Grafyx Solution board: 

DRAW - A powerful full screen graphics 
drawing and editing program. $39.95. 

BIZGRAPH - Create business graphs from 
hand-entered or VisiCalc data. $75.00. 



xT.CAD - Professional drafting aid which 
outputs to a printer or plotter. $345.00. 

SURFACE PLOT - Plot three-dimensional 
equations of the form Z=F(x,y). $39.95. 

3D-PLOT - View three-dimensional data 
from any perspective or angle. $39.95. 

MATHPLOT - Plot equations of the form 
Y=F(x) with auto scaling. $39.95. 

CHESS - A very powerful program with 
10 skill levels, 40 play options. $49.95. 

RE VERS I - Play Othello with 10 skill 
levels, 20 execution options. $29.95. 

3D Tlc-T«c-Toe - Play the computer or 
a friend on a 4x4x4 matrix. $19.95. 

SLIDESHOW - Create a sequence of 
hi-resolution picture displays. $19.95. 

BiorhythM/USA - Plot your biorhythm or 
learn the states and capitols. $19.95. 

JOY-MOUSE - Allows a Radio Shack 
Color Computer joystick, mouse, or touch 
pad to be connected to any Model 
4/4D/4P/III. Hardware provides X, Y 
position values from to 255. $129.95. 



Isi I I Ivl?!^ 


)■! 


fiB m&Uk 


R 


1 fel^I ! 1 1 




ll&B A 






■ 




*w m*m m\ 



GRAFYX SOLUTION A plug-in, 

clip-on board enhances any Model 4/4D 
4P/III to provide 640 x 240 dot graphics. 
(512 x 192 on a Model III) The board 
comes with a 56 page manual and a disk 
containing both model 3 and 4 mode 
versions of over 40 programs and files 
including GBASIC 3.0 which adds over 20 
graphics commands to Basic. $199.95. 

Please specify your exact system 
configuration when ordering or requesting 
information. Payment may be by check, 
Visa, Mastercard, or COD. Domestic 
shipping is free on pre-paid orders. Texas 
residents add 5\% sales tax. 

Micro-Labs, Inc. 214-235-0915 

902 Pinecrest, Richardson, Texas 75080 



136 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



NEW PRODUCTS 



The Ulta-Mate is available 
in light-oak or walnut fin- 
ishes. It comes in 48-inch. 60- 
inch, and 66-inch widths. All 
models are 30 inches deep 
and are available in two 
heights: 30 and 27 inches. 
The 30-inch model includes a 
sliding shelf for keyboard use 
and storage, freeing desktop 
space for other uses. Prices 
start at $549. 

Contact Grolen Inc., 1100 
E. Hector St., Conshohocken, 
PA 19428, 215-825-7213. 
Circle 571 on Reader Service card. 

In the Cards 

Three new PC-card mo- 
dems—the PC/9624c, the PC/ 
2400c. and the PC/2400— are 
available from Microcom Inc. 
The modems feature error- 
free communications through 
the Microcom networking 
protocol (MNP). 

The top-of-the line model is 
the PC/9624c ($1,749). an 
asynchronous internal mo- 
dem for the IBM PC/XT/ AT 
and compatibles. It is capable 




Microcom's PC/2400 modem. 



of throughput up to 19.200 
bits per second (bps) over a 
dial-up link using MNP class 6. 
the highest protocol level. The 
modem is compatible with ex- 
isting software applications. 

The PC/2400c ($799) 
bridges the gap between 
2,400-baud products and the 
PC/9624c. It achieves 
throughput of 5,000 bps or 
higher over a 2,400-baud 
asynchronous link using the 
MNP class 5. The PC/2400c 
also supports lower levels of 



MNP. as well as 300-, 1.200-, 
and 2,400-baud transmission 
rates. It can be upgraded to a 
PC/9624c. 

The PC/2400 ($699) pro- 
vides throughput up to 2,900 
bps over a 2,400-baud con- 
nection when communicat- 
ing with another MNP class 4 
modem. It can be upgraded to 
a PC/2400c or a PC/9624c. 

All Microcom PC modems 
are single-slot, full-card mo- 
dems (Tandy 1200 and 3000 
only) and include standard 



phone-line interfaces. They 
employ a superset of the 
Hayes AT commands, making 
them compatible with auto- 
dial, auto-answer, and other 
functions supported by popu- 
lar communications software. 
Contact Microcom Inc., 
1400 Providence Highway, 
Norwood, MA 02062, 800- 
822-8224 (617-762-9310 in 
Massachusetts). 
Circle 573 on Reader Service card. 

Laser Prints 

Office Automation Systems 
Inc. (OASYS) announces the 
Laserpro Express, an eight- 
page-per-minute laser printer 
with 384K of standard mem- 
ory. The Laserpro Express 
has 10 bit-mapped fonts that 
yield 72 font variations, in- 
cluding boldface, italic, and 
compressed type. 

The printer has a 250-sheet 
paper cassette for 8%- by 11- 
inch and A4 paper (a 250- 
sheet cassette for legal paper is 
optional), a 100-sheet output 
tray, and a 50-sheet adjustable 



HOW 
To Get The 
ATTENTION 
YOU 
DESERVE 



WfM/ffMIBi 





OR, 

You Could 

Advertise In 



80 Micro 
Classifieds. 



For more information, 

put down the wolves 

and turn to the 

Classified page 

in this issue. 



80 Micro, February 1987 • 137 



NEW PRODUCTS 




DIFFERENT TRACK 



The slide switch on the bottom of the new RT-101 + key- 
board determines what system you are wsing. 



paper stacker that accepts pa- 
per as small as 4'/ 4 by 5% 
inches and as large as legal 
size. Both the cassette and 
the paper stacker accept var- 
ious weights of bond stock. 

Most popular word-pro- 
cessing and spreadsheet pro- 
grams — including Wordstar, 
Wordstar 2000, 1-2-3, and 
Symphony— are compatible 
with the Laserpro Express. 
The suggested retail price is 
$1,895. 

Contact Office Automation 
Systems Inc.. 8352 Claire- 
mont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, 
CA 92 1 1 1 . 6 1 9-576-9500. 
Circle 575 on Reader Service card. 

Two- Wire Modem 

Telebyte Technology Inc. 
has introduced the Model 86, 
a power-stealing, full-duplex, 
short-haul modem that re- 
quires only two wires or one 
coaxial cable. The Model 86 is 
designed to replace conven- 
tional four- wire, full-duplex, 
short-haul modems requiring 
external power sources. The 
modem transmits data at 
9,600 baud over distances up 
to 3.000 feet. 

The Model 86 has two-wire 
capability, letting it link to 
the twisted-pair wiring of an- 
other device and support two 
independent communica- 
tions channels. Thus, in an 
existing system, the host can 
support another remote ter- 
minal, printer, or plotter 
without the expense or effort 
of installing new wiring. 
Power stealing allows the mo- 
dem to operate without a ded- 
icated ac or dc power supply. 

Packaged in a DB-25 case, 
the Model 86 has a DTE/DCE 



(data-terminal equipment/ 
data-communications equip- 
ment) selector switch for easy 
installation at either the host 
or peripheral port. It is avail- 
able in three output configu- 
rations: terminal screw for 
single twisted-pair installa- 
tions; BNC connector for sin- 
gle coaxial-cable sites; and 
RJ-11 modular telephone for 
use with modular cables. The 
terminal-screw and modular 
telephone-jack units cost $ 140 
per pair. Units with BNC con- 
nectors for coaxial installa- 
tions cost $ 1 78 per pair. 

For further information, 
contact Telebyte Technology 
Inc.. 270 E. Pulaski Road. 
Greenlawn. NY 11740. 800- 
835-3298 (516-423-3232 in 
New York). 
Circle 577 on Reader Service card. 

The Right Touch 

Hi-Tek Corp. has released 
the RT-101 + ^keyboard, an 
IBM PC/XT/AT plug compati- 
ble unit featuring the new 
101 keyswitch layout. A slide 
switch on the bottom of the 
keyboard automatically de- 
termines whether you are us- 
ing a PC, XT, or AT system. 

The RT-101 + features an 
8-foot DIN cable which exits 
from the keyboard on the 
right or left side for optimal 
keyboard placement, and in- 
cludes separate numeric and 
cursor keypads. 

The RT-101 + costs$133.33 
(discounts are available for 
OEM and volume purchases) 
and Is distributed by Toptron- 
ics. 5443 D. La Palma Ave.. 
Anaheim. CA 92807. 714- 
777-1631. 
Circle 572 on Reader Service card. 



Get Out the Whip 
And Chair 

Fundamental Design 
Group has released PC. 
Beast, described as "the 
first computer furi- 
pheral." It consists of 
two furry ears and a 
furry tail that can be at- 
tached to your computer 
to give it character. 

After attaching P.C. 
Beast's components to a 
computer monitor with 
the supplied self-adher- 
ing Velcro, you get a 
completely different, 
more personal impres- 
sion of the machine. The computer no longer seems a 
cold, impersonal product of modern technology, but 
takes on a warm, almost pet-like "purrsonality." 

P.C. Beast costs $14.95. For more information, contact 
Fundamental Design Group, P.O. Box 1399, Cambridge, 
MA 02142. 617-354-5715. 
Circle 570 on Reader Service card. 




P.C. Beast is the first com- 
puter "furipheral." 



New Products Index 




MS-DOS 






Reader Service 






Number 


Company 


Page 


551 
552 


Arc Tangent Inc. 
Ascent Inc. 


126 
129 


554 


Beacon Street Software Inc. 


133 


555 
556 


Emulex Corp. 
Executive Systems Inc. 


129 
132 


557 
558 


Gold Key Electronics Inc. 
Infocom Inc. 


126 
131 


559 


Innoventlons Inc. 


131 


560 


Lifeboat Associates Inc. 


132 


561 


Mastersoft Inc. 


126 


562 
563 


Maynard Electronics 
Progressive Peripherals 
& Software Inc. 


131 
126 


564 
565 
566 


Signature Solutions Inc. 
Software Publishing Corp. 
Z-World 


133 
126 
132 


TRS-80 






Reader Service 






Number 


Company 


Page 


567 
568 


Logical Systems Inc. 
Try-O-Byte 


133 
133 


Etc. 






Reader Service 






Number 


Company 


Page 


570 

571 


Fundamental Design Group 
Grolen Inc. 


138 
135 


572 
573 


Toptronics 
Microcom Inc. 


138 
137 


575 
577 
578 


Office Automation Systems Inc. 
Telebyte Technology Inc. 
Word/Processing Users' Group Inc. 


137 
138 
135 


New Products listings are based on information supplied In 
manufacturers' press releases. 80 Micro has not tested or re- 


viewed these products and cannot guarantee any claims. 



138 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Circle 549 on Reader Service card. 



THEMPED 



SOFTWARE 



Profile users! PROAID 
HI + /4+ provides many 
features for reports from 
single or multiple files. 
Model m/4's. $49. Clay 
Watts Software, 68C 
North Loop, Cedar Hills, 
TX 75104. 214-291-1171. 



Past, friendly, foolproof, 
well- documented, unpro- 
tected database manager 
in 48k Model 3/4 Disk- 
BASIC! Competes with 
expensive programs. 
$59.50. Eidolon, 1333 
Knob Hill, Springfield, 
MO 65807. 



MAILMATE can save you 
money on bulk mail. For 
Tandy 1000, 1200, 2000, 
3000 with 2 drives. 300 S. 
Rodney Parham, Little 
Rock, AR 72205. 1-800- 
527-1818. 



THE STOCK EXCHANGE 

—The ultimate stock mar- 
ket challenge! 1000/ 
1200/3000. . .$34.95— 
NY add 8.25%. Praxis 
Software, PO Box 2307, 
Grd Ctl Sta, NY NY 10163. 
1-800-PRAXIS-S, NY 1- 
212-365-2170. 



MERGEMATE. All-pur- 
pose mailmerge utility for 
Text/Filer. Full selection, 
formatting! MS-DOS. $40. 
Free information (SASE). 
McAdams Associates, 109 
Spanish Village Center, 
Dallas, TX 75248. 



THY-O-TAX 13 federal 
schedules $42.99 Models 
m/4, MSDOS COCO, 1008 
Alton Circle, Florence, SC 
29501. 803-662-9500. 



GAMES for IBM Compati- 
ble. Outstanding Selection 
of games. Only $4.00 per 
disk. Send SASE for cata- 
log. PC-ARCADE 276-M 
Morehouse Rd., Easton, 
CT 06612. 

PHYSICIANS! Patient care 
programs. Exercise pre- 
scriptions, PFT, TPN, oth- 
ers. Medaide, 81525 
Quebec, Tulsa, OK 74137. 



HARDWARE 



Clone Kits, Modems, Hard 
Drive Kits, disk drives, 
printers, memory, and 
IC's. Distributor pricing 
to end users and dealers. 
For catalog call 1-800-833- 
2600, in Ohio call 813- 
531-8866. FREE SHIP- 
PING. 

MEGABYTE EXPANSION 
BOARD FOR MODELS 

4/4P. $119.95 with RAM- 
Drive software. Memory, 
shipping extra. Details: 
RAI, Box 7084, Hampton, 
VA 23666. 



PORTABLE 
PRODUCTS 



Compucase 100/200 Car- 
rying cases, Vinyl, 2 Com- 
partments. $28.00. 
Compucase P.O. Box 3086, 
Montrose, MI 48457. 



Barcode Readers— Print- 
ers. Models 100/1000/ 
PC. 216-743-6566. 



MS-DOS 



Productivity Software 

SOFT-TRAIN, 326 S. Abel 
St., Milpitas, CA 95035. 
(408) 263-6670. 



NEWSLETTERS 



ONE THOUSAND— "Espe- 
cially for YOUR Tandy 
1000!" 12 Monthly issues 
for $20.00, or $3.00 for a 
sample issue. Send to: 
ONE THOUSAND, 2153-A 
Muren Boulevard, Belle- 
ville, IL 62221 or call 
(618) 277-3526. MC/VISA 
accepted. 



HORSE RACING 



$$$WIN with Thorough- 
bred, Harness, Grey- 
hound Handicapping Soft 
ware. . .$29.95, enhanced 
...$49.95. Professional 
Football Handicapping 
System. . .$39.95. Free 
information. Software 
Exchange, P.O. Box 
5382M, W. Bloomfield, MI 
48033. (313) 626-7208. 



BUSINESS 
OPPORTUNITIES 



Personal Computer Own- 
ers Can Earn $1000 to 
$5000 monthly selling 
simple services performed 
by their computer. Work 
at home in spare time. Get 
free list of 100 best ser- 
vices to offer. Write: 
C.I.L.C.S., PO Box 60369, 
San Diego, CA 92106- 
8369. 



SERVICES 



Get the attention you de- 
serve. Reach over 100,000 
readers with news of your 
product or service. Clas- 
sified ads in 80 Micro get 
results. Write to 80 Micro 
Classifieds, c/o MCSS, 11 
Northeastern Blvd., Suite 
210, Nashua, NH 03062. 



Get the attention you deserve. For only $5 per word, 
your ad will be seen by over 100,000 dedicated TRS-80/ 
Tandy users. Ads must be received by the 20th of the 
month 3 months prior to publication date. Send yours 
today. 

Name 

Address — 

City 



State 



Zip 



Telephone _ 
CATEGORY 



(3 words) 

(6) 

(9) 

(12) 

(15) 

(18) 

(21) 

(24) 



Total Number of Words x $5/issue = 



For 



Make Checks Payable to 80 Micro 
NO AD ACCEPTED WITHOUT PAYMENT 



MCSS, 8uite 210, 11 Northeastern Blvd., Nashua, NH 03062 



FINE LINES / by Harry Bee 



Towering Solutions 



If every computer language has its par- 
ticular strengths, the opposite is cer- 
tainly true. One thing for which Basic 
was never intended is recursion, the 
technique required for solving our 
Tower of Brahma challenge. Yet more of 
you than I expected managed solutions 
in spite of Basic's limitations, proving 
there's no challenge too great for an 80 
Micro reader. 

NesNestedted Gosubs 

The best physical description of the re- 
curring patterns in the tower solution 
came from Barry Mitchel of Reading, 
MA. If you imagine the three spindles set 
in a circle, he tells us, you'll move odd- 
numbered disks from spindle to spindle 
in one direction and even-numbered 
disks in the opposite direction. Also, 
you'll move each n-numbered disk on 
moves numbered 2 to the n - 1 power 
times the series of odd integers. In other 
words, you'll move disk 1 on moves 1, 3, 
5. 7, and so on; disk 2 on moves 2, 6. 10. 
14, and so on; disk 3 on moves 4. 12, 20, 
28, and so on. Finally, to move a stack of 
n disks from one spindle to another 
takes 2 to the n power minus 1 moves. 
That means three disks require seven 
moves; five disks will take 3 1 moves. 

Using nested Gosubs was the method 
of choice for coaxing recursion out of Ba- 
sic. Both of this month's winning pro- 
grams are good examples of the tech- 
nique. Notice how the nesting levels 
quickly become deep as the number of 
disks increases. That's a fundamental 
fact of recursion, and it shows why a lan- 
guage such as Lisp, in which recursion 
is an important feature, requires very 
large, very fast computers. 

Mathew Englander (Toronto, Ontario) 
calculated that the legendary temple 
priests, working with 64 disks at a pace 
of one move a day. will need some 50 
billion years to finish the job and end the 
world. He'd like to know when they 
started. Come to think of it, so would I. 
We could be getting close. 

Mathew's solution. Spindledisk (Pro- 
gram Listing 1). uses numbers in a hor- 
izontal display to represent the disks. In 
this way the program can represent the 
movement of all 64 disks on screen at 
once. Theoretically, the program can 
handle more disks than that— up to the 
limit of the Model 4's memory overhead 
for variable storage and its stack space 



Program Listing 1. Mathew Englander's Spindledisk for the Model 4. 

DEFINT A-Z:AS«CHR$(30)+CHR$(13) :CLS:PRINT"SPINDLEDISK I by Mathew Englander ": I 
NPUT'Number of disks";N:PRINT CHR$(15):DIM S(2,N) ,T(2) :F0R J-0 TO N-1:S(0, J)»N-J 
:NEXTiT(0)»N:CLS:GOSUB 2:B»(N AND 1)+1:G0SUB 2:F«0:B»(N+1 AND 1)+1:G0SUB 2 

1 F-0:IF T(2)<N THEN Q=W«Y :R-W«Z :S«X=Y :T«X«Z :A=-X* (Q OR R)-W*(S OR T):B— Y*(R OR 
T)-Z*(Q OR S):IF T(B) THEN IF T(A) THEN IF S (A,T(A) -1) >S (B,T(B) -1) THEN SWAP A, 

B:G0SUB 2 ELSE GOSUB 2 ELSE SWAP A,B:G0SUB 2 ELSE GOSUB 2 ELSE END 

2 IF F THEN 1 ELSE WHILE AOB:F=l :T(A) =T(A) -1:S(B,T(B) ) -S (A,T(A) ) :T(B) »T(B) +1 :W» 
Y:X-Z:Y=A:Z«B:B=A:WEND:PRINT§0, ; :F0R J-0 TO 2:PRINT USING "Spindle ♦: ";J;:F0R K 
-0 TO T(J)-1:PRINT S (J,K) ; : NEXT:PRINT A$;A$; : NEXTiFOR J=0 TO 350 : NEXT: RETURN 

End 

Program Listing 2. Andrew Suns Model I/III solution. 

1 INPUT'STACK SIZE, FROM PEG, TO PEG" ; N,T,F:CLS:W=64 :F0RI=lT03:READL (I) :PRINT§L(I) 
,"-"CHR$( 48+1) "-";:NEXT:DATA714, 754, 990 :P (F) -N:F (N) =T:T(N) =F:F0RN=NT01STEP-1 :G0SUB 
3:NEXT:N=P(T) :G0SUB2 :F0RI-1T02 : 1-1 :NEXT 

2 IFN,F(N-1)=F(N) :T (N-l) -6-F (N) -T(N) :N=N-1 :G0SUB2 :F»F (N) :T-T(N) :M«M+1:PRINT@W*15, " 
MOVE"M@W*14-12, "DISK "N@W*15-12, "FROM PEG"F8W*16-12, "TO PEG"T; :G0SUB3:N=N-1 :F (N) =6- 
F-T:T(N)=T:G0SUB2:N=N+1:RETURNELSEN=1: RETURN 

3 FORI-1TO300: NEXT: P (T) =P (T) +1 :PRINT8L(F) -W*P (F) -N, STRING? (2*N+3, 32) §L (T) -W*P(T) -N 
,STRING$(2*N+3,140) ; : P (F) =P (F) -1 :RETURN 

End 

Program Listing 3. 80 Micro's Little Cryptographer. 

10 DIM C(127):FOR Y=32 TO 127 :C (Y) =Y: NEXT: Y=90 :WHILE Y>64:WHILE Y:IF C(Y)=Y THEN 
SWAP C(Y) ,C(64+RND(26)) :WEND ELSE Y=Y-1 : WEND: FOR Y=65 TO 90 :C (Y+32) =C (Y) +32 :NEX 
T:LINE INPUT" >";QS: FOR Y-l TO LEN(QS) :MID$ (Q$, Y) =CHR$ (C (ASC (MID$ (QS, Y) ) ) ) :NEXT:P 
RINT">"+Q$ 

End 



for storing Return addresses. On the 
other hand, at about two moves per sec- 
ond, it will still take years to move a 64- 
disk tower. This column's deadline pre- 
vented me from waiting long enough to 
see what the program's real capacity 
might be. 

Andrew Sun (Trenton. NJ) came up 
with the exact number of moves for 
transferring a 64-disk tower: 18.446. 
744.073,709,551.615. His solution for 
the Models I and III (Program Listing 2) 
sports excellent graphics, which limits 
the practical size of the tower to 10 disks. 
However, Andrew lets you choose which 
spindles the tower starts and finishes on, 
displays a running count, and provides 
concurrent commentary on moves, all in 
three short lines. It's impressive to watch. 

Secret Service 

Ld b dxxi qzxkc b cvhmva. sv aviic la 
tvhbrcv sv Ic b dxxi; Id b qzbyv qzxkc 
xzv, sv aviic la ksvmvyvm la Ic Iz sic 
Izavmvca ax avii la. 

That pithy observation from Lord 
Chesterfield was obscured by 80 Micro's 
Little Cryptographer (Program Listing 
3). The one-line program randomly gen- 
erates a shuffled alphabet, which it uses 
in the simplest kind of substitution 
cipher, sibilantly speaking. Each letter 
in the cryptogram above consistently 
stands for a letter in the plaintext origi- 
nal, and no letter stands for itself. That 
makes a nice puzzle (the solution to 
which will not appear next month), but 



it has little practical value. 

As we store more data in computer 
files and send even more . of it singing 
over telephone lines, programs that turn 
private files into gibberish become more 
and more attractive. To be useful, how- 
ever, such programs must be able to res- 
cue the concealed information and 
faithfully restore its meaning. 

To capture a coveted 80 Micro T-shirt, 
show us a program that will read a plain 
text file from disk, write an enciphered 
file, read the "secret" file, and reproduce 
the original text. Take up to three lines 
of Basic (as always, the shorter the bet- 
ter) to create a practical program based 
on any reliable cipher. 

The rules: 

1. Write your solutionis) in any TRS or Tandy 
Basic, except Pocket Computer Basic. 

2. This month's entries must reach us by Feb. 
15. 1987. This doesn't give everyone the same 
amount of time, we know, and we apologize to 
our overseas readers especially. 

3. This month's winners will appear in the 
May 1987 issue. 

4. Employees of CW Communications are not 
eligible. 

5. Send your entry to: 80 Micro. Fine Lines. 80 
Pine St.. Peterborough. NH 03458. We will not 
be able to return entries. 

6. Specify your T-shirt size. Bumper size not 
required. ■ 

Harry Bee is a freelance writer, puz- 
zle creator, programmer, and dreamer. 
Contact him at P.O. Box 567, Cornish, 
ME 04020. 



140 • 80 Micro, February 1987 



Dac-Easy 
Accounting 
staged an 
astounding 
coup in the 
accounting 
category. . . ' 



150,000 



PC WORLD 
October 19K<; 



and more every day. 

That's how many 
smart buyers have already chosen to save 
thousands of dollars in their decision to 
computerize their books. Recently the 
readers of PC World confirmed this new 
trend in accounting software by voting 
Dac-Easy Accounting as their favorite, 
outperforming the second place finisher 
with over five times as many votes. 



PC WORLD * WORLD CLASS CONTEST 


* ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE * 


VOTES 


PRODUCT/MANUFACTURER 


32% 


Dac-Easy Accounting. Dae Software. Inc. 


696 


Accounting Software, BPI Systems 


5".. 


Easy Business Accounting. Computer ASSOC. 


496 


Solomon 111. TLB Inc. 


1".i 


Accounting Software. Open Systems 


•l"u 


IVachtrees Business Accounting System 


45% 


Others 


Kid 1 . 


Total 



PERFORMANCE 

Accurate information when you need it is 
what performance is all about. Fast, flexible 
reports give you what you need to know to 
manage cash-flow, inventory turns, pricing 
and profitability. Dac's seven accounting 
modules work together perfectly. Enter data 
once and it's posted to the other modules 
automatically Most modules can also be 
used stand-alone. 

Another measure of performance is 
versatility. Dac-Easy Accounting can be used 
by any type of business whether service 
oriented or product based. It can operate 
effectively on a floppy system or a hard disk, 
which gives you the assurance that 
Dac-Easy Accounting will grow as your 
business grows. 

"Dac-Easy Accounting is everything its 
designers say it is . . . It is also flexible 
enough to fulfill the accounting needs of 
almost any type of business. " 

Journal of Financial Accounting, 1985 

"I've never before in a review come right 
out and told readers to buy a product, 
but I'm doing it now. Dac-Easy is an 
incredible value. " 

PC Week, August 27. 1985 



EEE53 



1985 

PRODUCT 

OF THE 

YEAR 

M 



VALUE 

Price plus tremendous 

performance means value 

and the Infoworld editors 

agree, recognizing Dac-Easy 

Accounting as 1985's "Best 

Software Value." This is the 

perfect choice for upgrading 

from a module by module 

system or for your first accounting system. 

Either way compare and join over 150.000 

people who have computerized the 

Dac-Easy way. 

NOW FOR ATARI AND APPLE 

Dac-Easy Accounting and Payroll are now 
available for the Atari 520 & 1040 ST. 

Dac-Easy Accounting is also available for 
the Apple lie & lie. 

Minimum Hardware Requirements: 

All Dac-Easy Products run on IliM or compatibles, 25iiK 

memory, two disk drives, MS-Dt >S or l'("-l>< is 2.0 or later, 

132-column printer m compressed mode, color or 

monochrome monitor, 

MS-DOS in j tr.iik-in.Hk ..I MlcroSofl Corp IBM •>. KMX is _' 11 arc 

registered trademarks «i International Business Machines <'<ii|> li>i> Up 

,\ UeskSei are trademarks ol Itopulai Programs, in- Easy Business 

V(ouiiimi> is .1 rri^iNtt'M-d ir.nk-iii.irk • •* Computer Assoi lates SokMnoN 

III in .1 registered indemarkol flB, lm rVachtrees Business 

\i i minting System is .i registered trademark •* Peacnlree Software Inc 

Dac-Easy is a trademark >J Dai Software, lm 




$69.95 



INCLUDES 7-FULL FEATURED 
ACCOUNTING MODULES: 
General Ledger Billing 

Accounts Receivable Inventory 
Accounts Payable Forecasting 

Purchase Order 

NEW 1987 DAC-EASY PAYROLL 

Dac-Easy Payroll is here just in time for the 
new tax changes. Dac-Easy l^yroll has 
already become the fastest selling payroll 
package in the industry, combining payroll 
management with features such as 
automatic payroll tax deductions, check 
printing, W-2 printing, unlimited 
departmental reports and more. At $49.95 it 
is another example of the price performance 
value of the Dac-Easy Series. 

MONEY SAVING BONUS PACK 

Save over 40% when you buy the Dac-Easy 
Bonus Pack. It includes Dac-Easy 
Accounting. Payroll. Accounting Tutor. 
Piyroll Tutor, and Pop Up DeskSet Plus, a 
highly rated desktop utility 'This special 
bundle has a retail value of $289.75. but is 
priced at only $149.95. 

TO ORDER 
CALL TOLL FREE 

1-800-992-7779 

(IN TEXAS CALL 1-214-458-0038) 

30 DAY MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE 

Dae dlfers !UI day unconditional guarantee on all 
products bought directly from Dae Software (less 
shipping charges) There is a SI0 restocking fee if 
the disk envelope is opened. 



Account # 

Expires 

Name 



Mail to: <& dac software, inc. 4801 Spring Valley Rd. 

Yes, please rush me the following Dac 

products: 

Product oiy Rrlce Iblal 

Dac-Easy Accounting $69.95 

Dac-Easy Payroll $19.95 

Dac-Easy Word II $19.95 

Dac-Easy Base $49.95 

Dac-Easy Mate $3955 

Dac-Easy Port $29.95 

Dac-Easy Acct. Tutor $19.95 

Dac-Easy Pay. Tutor $19.95 

Dac-Easy Bonus Pack $149.95 

Add Shipping Charge $7.50 

Texas Residents Add Sales Tax ( T\%) 

CODE 751 TOTAL 



Bldg.llO-B. Dallas. TX 75244 

Method of I'ayment 
(heck Monev Order 

L 1 MC Q AMEX □ VISA 



Company 
Address — 

City 

Slate 



Zip. 



Phone 

Computer Brand 



Circle 397 on Reader Service card. 



Introducing the Most Powerful 
Business Software Ever! 



FOR YOUR IBM • APPLE • MAC • TRS-80 • KAYPRO • COMMODORE • MSDOS OR CP/M COMPUTER* 




ersaBusiness" Series 



Each VERSABUSINESS module can be purchased and used independently, 
or can be linked in any combination to form a complete, coordinated business system. 



VERSARECEIVABLES" $99.95 

VERSA RECEIVABLES'" is a complete menu-driven accounts receivable, invoicing, and 
monthly statement generating system. It keeps track of all information related to who 
owes you or your company money, and can provide automatic billing (or past due ac- 
counts. VERSaRECEIVABLES"" prints all necessary statements, invoices, and summary 
repcits and can be linked with VERSALEDGER II" and VersaInventory". 

VERSAPAYABLES" $99.95 

VERSA PAYABLES- is designed to keep track of current and aged payables, keeping you 
in touch with all information regarding how much money your company owes, and to 
whom. Versa PAYABLES™ maintains a complete record on each vendor, prints checks, 
check registers, vouchers, transaction reports, aged payables reports, vendor reports, 
and more. With VERSA PAYABLES-, you can even let your computer automatically select 
which vouchers are to be paid. 

VERSAPAYROLL™ $99.95 

VERSA PAYROLL- is a powerful and sophisticated, but easy to use payroll system that 
keeps track of all government required payroll information. Complete employee records 
are maintained, and all necessary payroll calculations are performed automatically, with 
totals displayed on screen for operator approval. A payroll can be run totally, automati- 
cally, or the operator can intervene to prevent a check from being printed, or to alter 
information on it If desired, totals may be posted to the VersaLedger 11"" system. 

VersaInventory™ $99.95 

Versa Inventory- is a complete inventory control system that gives you instant access 
to data on any item. VERSA INVENTORY- keeps track of all information related to what 
items are in stock, out of stock, on backorder, etc . stores sales and pricing data, alerts 
you when an item falls below a preset reorder point, and allows you to enter and print 
invoices directly or to link with the VERSA RECEIVABLES- system. VERSA INVENTORY™ prints 
all needed inventory listings, reports of items below reorder point, inventory value re 
ports, period and year to date sales reports, price lists, inventory checklists, etc. 

•CQMPLrTRQNICSi 

50 N. PASC ACK ROAD, SPRING VALLEY, NY. 10977 



VersaLedger ir $149.95 

Versa Ledger 11™ is a complete accounting system that grows as your business 
grows. VersaLedger if" can be used as a simple personal checkbook register, 
expanded to a small business bookkeeping system or developed into a large 
corporate general ledger system without any additional software. 

• VersaLedger 0" gives you almost unlimited storage capacity 

(300 to 10,000 entries .«r month, depending on the system), 

• stores all check and general ledger information forever, 

• prints tractor-feed checks, 

• handles multiple checkbooks and general ledgers, 

• prints 17 customized accounting reports including check registers, 
balance sheets, income statements, transaction reports, account 
listings, etc. 

VersaLedger ir" comes with a professionally-written 160 page manual de- 
signed for first-time users. The VERSALEDGER IT" manual will help you become 
quickly familiar with VERSALEDGER IT", using complete sample data files 
supplied on diskette and more than 50 pages of sample printouts. 



FOR TRS-80 MODEL OWNERS ONLY! 



TRS-80 owners only may now take 50% off our listed price of 
any module(s) from our VersaBusiness Series. All sales are final 
(our normal 30-day money back guarantee does not apply to sale 
items). 



To Order: 1-800-431-2818. 1-800-331-0362 

Write or call Toll Free (Outside NY State) (Inside NY State) 
Other inquiries call 914-425-1535 

• add $4.95 for shipping in UPS areas ' add $6 95 to CANADA or MEXICO 

• add $5 95 for C O D or non-UPS areas ' add propel postage elsewhere 



DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME 

All prices and specifications subject to change i Delivery subieci lo availability